- •Grammar
- •Verbals Syntax
- •1. Verbals: Forms and Types
- •2. Participle
- •3. Participle: forms and functions
- •4. Participle: participial phrases
- •5. Participles in the language of science and documents
- •In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).
- •6. Constructions with participles
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always to-infinitive)
- •2. Nominative with the Participle
- •3. Other
- •7. Constructions with participles (Cont’d)
- •1. Absolute participial constructions:
- •2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):
- •In absolute constructions.
- •8. Participles: review
- •9. Infinitive: Functions, Bare Infinitive
- •10. Infinitive: Constructions and phrases
- •It is hard / easy / good / bad / impossible / not for smb. To do smth.
- •11. Infinitive: Infinitive or -ing-form?
- •12. Gerund: Forms and Functions
- •Verbal features:
- •13. Gerund and infinitive after verbs
- •15. Gerund: review
- •16. Gerund: review
- •1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.
- •2. Subject (Cont’d).
- •1. Notional “It”:
- •2. Formal “It”
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive
- •2. Nominative With the Participle
- •3. Other
- •3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
- •1. Simple
- •2. Compound
- •If the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”
- •4. Compound predicate (Cont’d)
- •5. Subject-predicate agreement
- •6. Object
- •It shows the person to whom or for whom the action is done.
- •I bought my girlfriend a nice present. À I bought it for her yesterday.
- •7. Object (Cont’d)
- •I find it impossible (to argue with him).
- •I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
- •8. Object (Cont’d)
- •I allow you to go.
- •9. Attribute
- •10. Attribute (Cont’d)
- •11. Simple sentence (final remarks)
- •In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
1. Simple
A) a finite verb/phrasal verb in
a) synthetic verb form Who brought him up?
b) analytical verb form I would’ve seen him.
B) a phraseological unit with
a) aspect verbs He gave a cry. (I)
b) abstract nouns He made fun of us. (II)
2. Compound
A) nominal with
a) “being/remaining” verbs He stood motionless. (III)
b) “becoming” verbs He grew pale. (IV)
B) verbal with
a) modal verbs He didn’t want to fight. (V)
b) aspect verbs It’s going to snow. (VI)
C) mixed
(I) Simple phraseological with aspect verbs
to have a smoke/swim, to give a laugh/push/cry, to take a look/risk, to make a move/start, etc.
(II) Simple phraseological with abstract nouns
to take part/place/care/pity…, to lose sight/patience/weight…, to make fun/use/trouble…, to get rid/hold…, to make up one’s mind, to change one’s mind, etc.
(III) Compound nominal with verbs of “being”
to be, remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, sit, lie, keep silent
to seem, appear, prove, turn out, sound, look, taste, smell, feel good
(IV) Compound nominal with verbs of “becoming”
to become, get, grow, turn, go forty
to return, come, come back, leave, fall, die, marry, be born penniless.
(V) Compound verbal with modal verbs and expressions
must, can, could, may, might, should, will/would (modal), be to, have to, ought to, need to do sth.
want, wish, desire, hope, expect, intend, be willing/anxious/able/capable/obliged to do sth
(VI) Compound verbal with aspective verbs and expressions
to begin, start, commence, set about, be going to do sth
to continue, go on, proceed doing sth, used to do, would do (for repeated actions)
to stop, finish, cease, give up doing sth
* Rules on gerunds and infinitives - see previous material.
Exercise 3.1. Find the predicate and define its type.
1. I’ll get in touch with you very soon.
2. The greater part of the boys came back low-spirited.
3. Her first thought was to go away.
4. He gave me an interesting book to read.
5. The man gave a violent start.
6. We are most anxious to cooperate.
7. This book is nobody’s.
8. I began to feel rather hungry.
9. First of all, we’ll have a drink.
10. Then he caught his breath, suddenly reminded of something else.
11. My cousin will make a very good husband.
12. She had to keep on resisting the impulse to turn around.
13. The best thing is for her to do it immediately.
14. The gate is locked. It has just been locked by my dad.
15. He had been thinking of letting him escape.
16. I stood amazed.
17. Don’t think I mean to be unkind.
18. His bones ceased to ache.
19. We intend going to Switzerland, and climbing Mount Blanc.
20. Perhaps, I should grow a beard.
21. She had grown both too proud and too passive.
Functions of verbs
a) a notional verb simple pr.
b) an auxiliary / emphatic / substitute verb simple pr.
c) part of a phraseological unit simple pr.
d) a link-verb compound nominal pr.
e) a modal verb compound verbal pr.
Exercise 3.2. Comment on the function of the highlighted verb:
1. He blushed violently and looked away.
2. He looked stupid and good-natured and happy.
3. The moment was soothing to his sore spirit.
4. Nobody was soothing the crying baby.
5. I went to the bathroom and had a good wash.
6. She would’ve noticed that.
7. She said she’d never do it again.
8. I wish you would come to see us tonight.
9. Though he begged many times, his aunt wouldn’t give him the photograph.
10. He would lie on the couch and watch me doing things by the hour.
11. At moments he felt very close to her.
12. He felt great awe and admiration.
13. Philip stiffened in his chair, his face went tense.
14. On a misty January morning he went there once more.
15. As the director was ill, the documents were signed by his assistant.
16. When I came, the papers were signed and lay on the secretary’s desk.
17. He was lying flat on his back looking up into the eternal blue of the sky.
18. He was lying on the floor thinking about tomorrow’s meeting.
Link-verbs are used with ADJECTIVES (compound nominal pr.)
Notional verbs are used with ADVERBS (simple pr.)
Use the following transformation to check:
He sat (silent, silently ?). à sat - can be used as link verb, so both are possible
if the idea is “He was silent”, then “He sat silent.” - sat = was