Adrenal Glands
The two adrenal glands are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are made up of two parts. The outer part is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla. The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function. The inner part, or adrenal medulla, produces hormones called catecholamines (for example, adrenaline). These hormones help the body cope with physical and emotional stressby increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.
Pineal Body
The pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.
Reproductive Glands
The reproductive glands are the main source of sex hormones. In males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones called androgens; the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones affect many male characteristics (for example, sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) as well as sperm production. In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development of female characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved in reproductive functions (for example,menstruation, pregnancy).
Pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. One part of the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes. The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Pictures of the Endocrine System
Picture of the Thyroid Gland
Picture of the Pituitary Gland
Picture of the Parathyroid Glands
Picture of the Pancreas
3.3. Рекомендована література:
Основна: Козырева Л. Г. «Английский язык для медицинских колледжей и училищ: учебное пособие / Л. Г Козырева, Т. В. Шадская. — Изд. 7-е. — Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2007.
Допоміжна: С.А.Тылкина «Пособие по английскому языку » М:1985 ст.124
3.4. Орієтновна карта для самостійної роботи з літературою з даної теми:
№п/п |
Основні завдання |
Вказівки |
Відповіді |
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перекласти текст « Endocrine System»;
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Ст. 124 Ст. 125 Ст.126 |
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Матеріали для самоконтролю: Питання:
Question Excerpt From Endocrine System Quiz
Q.1) |
A group of cells that gives off or secretes chemicals. |
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A. |
artery |
B. |
vein |
C. |
gland |
Q.2) |
Bodily chemical messengers that send messages from one set of cells to another, affecting changes. |
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A. |
hormones |
B. |
nephrons |
C. |
alveoli |
Q.3) |
This links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. |
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A. |
thalamus |
B. |
hypothalamus |
C. |
adrenal |
Q.4) |
The master gland that controls many bodily functions. |
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A. |
thalamus |
B. |
hypothalamus |
C. |
pituitary |
Q.5) |
This controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. |
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A. |
adrenal gland |
B. |
hypothalamus |
C. |
thyroid |
Q.6) |
These glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and bones. |
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A. |
pituitary |
B. |
parathyroid |
C. |
thyroid |
Q.7) |
These release hormones in conjunction with stress. |
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A. |
adrenal |
B. |
pituitary |
C. |
tnyroid |
Q.8) |
This affects wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions. |
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A. |
pineal |
B. |
adrenal |
C. |
thyroid |