3. Filling and filling materials - (пломби)

PART I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Learn the following words:

restore [ri'sto:] відновлювати

appearance [ə'piərəns] зовнішній вигляд

eradicate [i'rædikeit] виривати з коренем

insert [in'sə:t] вводити

match [mæt∫] відповідати

require [ri'kwaiə] вимагати

margin [`ma:d3in]] край

undermine [andə'main] руйнувати, підривати

chip [t∫ip] стружка, відламок

handpiece ['hændpi:s] наконечник

bur [bə:] бор

retention [ri'ten∫n] ретенція, утримування

inlay [in'lei] вкладка

lining ['lainiŋ] прокладка

irritant ['iritənt] подразнюючий, подразник

Exercise 2. Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

root canal therapy; to be preserved; temporary measure; to match; a permanent fixture; excavator, to provide; plastic fillings; pre-constructed restorations; undercutting; adhesive cement; adequate lining

Exercise 3. Read text 1 and translate it.

Filling

Conservative treatment of caries, when the pulp is vital and unexposed, is by filling. If the pulp is exposed or dead, root canal therapy is usually necessary before the filling is done. Fillings are inserted in teeth to replace the part destroyed by caries. The normal function of the tooth is thereby restored, pain is prevented, and the vitality of the pulp is preserved. In front teeth, fillings restore normal appearance; whilst1 in back teeth, the stagnation areas are eradicated and further caries prevented.

Temporary fillings are inserted as a temporary measure only. They are too soft to use as permanent fillings. The temporary fillings are:zinc oxide and eugenol cement, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polyacrylate cement,gutta-percha.2

Permanent fillings are also various.

For premolars and molars, amalgam or gold is used. In front teeth, where these fillings would show, silicate cement, acrylic or composite fillings are used instead as their colour matches the tooth.A permanent filling cannot be inserted directly into a carious cavity. Careful preparation of the cavity is required to ensure that all caries is removed; that the filling will be a permanent fixture; and caries will not recur at its margins. The general principles of cavity preparation are as follows:

1. Undermined enamel is chipped away with an enamel chisel.

2.The cavity is extended to remove the entire stagnation area, e.g. occlusal

fissures, on the carious surface. This is done with handpieces and burs.

3. Any remaining caries is removed with an excavator.

4.Burs and chisels are then used to finish off the cavity; according to the type of filling necessary.

Permanent fillings are meant to stay put permanently and the cavity must be specially prepared to provide maximum retention. Before explaining how this is done, it is necessary to consider the types of fillings used. There are only two types available: plastic and pre-constructed3.

Plastic fillings are soft and plastic on. insertion but set hard in the cavity. They include temporary cements, gutta-percha, amalgam, silicate cement, acrylic and composite fillings.

Pre-constructed restorations are gold inlays and crowns. These are made in the laboratory, after the teeth have been prepared, and are then cemented into place.

Before a permanent filling is inserted the cavity may need to be lined. A lining is an insulating layer of cement which protects the pulp against conduction of heat or cold through metal fillings; or against the irritant effect of certain other fillings, such as silicates and acrylic. Pain, and possibly death of the tooth, may occur through failure to insert an adequate lining. The technique of inserting a filling varies with the type of cavity and filling material used.

1. whilst — в той час як (= while)

2. gutta-percha — гуттаперча

3. pre-constructed – попередньо виготовлена

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. When are fillings inserted in teeth?

2.What do feelings restore?

3.Why are temporary fillings not used as permanent?

4.Why is careful preparation of the cavity required?

5.What are the general principles of cavity preparation?

6.How must the cavity be specially prepared for permanent feelings?

7.What plastic fillings do you know?

8. Where are pre-constructed restorations made?

9.What is a lining?

10. What does a technique of inserting a filling vary with?

Exercise 5. Explain the following terms in English:

Stagnation area, temporary filling, occlusal fissures, cavity preparation, inlay, crown.

Exercise 6. Give the antonyms to the following words:

Vital, preserve, soft, permanent, exit, front, remove, calming, heat.

Exercise 7. Insert prepositions or adverbs and translate the text:

The cavity must be dry... insertion. Almost all fillings cannot adhere ... wet cavities. There are different methods ... drying cavities. One of them is suction. The patient holds a saliva ejector attached... the unit or aspirator. Many different types are used but those with a flange to keep the tongue... are particularly helpful. The nurse assists... holding a wide bore aspirator tube or using a retractor to keep the tongue or cheek... Cotton wool rolls are also used. These are placed... the buccal or lingual sulcus to absorb saliva and keep the soft tissues away from the teeth. Napkins may also be used... the same purpose. The cavity itself is dried ... cotton wool, followed ... a short blast from the warm air syringe on the unit.

Exercise 8. Translate into English:

1. Хірургічне лікування карієсу здійснюється видаленням ураженої емалі і дентині та реставрацією зуба.

2. Пломбуванням поновлюється нормальне функціонування зуба, усувається біль та поліпшується зовнішній вигляд зуба.

3. Тимчасова пломба — це тимчасовий засіб.

4. Постійна пломба вимагає спеціальної підготовки порожнини, яке залежить від виду пломбу вального матеріалу.

5. Пломби на основі смол, пластмас вносяться у порожнину у м’якому вигляді, а потім твердіють у ній.

6. Коронки виготовляються попередньо у лабораторії.

7. Прокладка — це шар цементу.що захищає пульпу.

Exercise 9. Translate the following words and word combinations:

Вносити у зуб; поновити природній вигляд, тимчасова пломба, занадто мякі, постійна пломба, приготування, край, у відповідності з типом пломбування, максимальна ретенція, твердіти у порожнині, прокладка, захищати пульпу, подразнюючий ефект, невдача.

Exercise 10. Match the following words logically:

a) vital, destroy, front, soft, entrance, pack in, heat

b) back, cold, come out, hard, dead, preserve, exit

Exercise 11. Give a summary of the text 1.

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Learn the words:

intact [in'tækt] цілий

band [bænd] зв’язка, пов’язувати

first-aid [eid] перша допомога

mix [miks] суміш, змішувати

safe [seif] безпечний

harden [ha:dn] твердіти

adhesive [əd'hi:siv] адгезивний

withstand [wið'stænd] витримувати

prefer [pri'fə:] віддавати перевагу

stain [stein] забарвлення, пляма

decompose [di.kəm'pəuz] гнити

shrinkage ['∫riŋkid3] скорочення

alloy ['æloi] сплав

resin ['rezin] смола, пластмаса

capsule ['kæpsju:l] капсула

insulate [‘insjuleit] ізолювати

bind [baind] зв’язувати

Exercise 2. Word building:

Префікс inter- перекладається як між-, проміж-, серед-, взаємо-: interaction - взаємодія

Префікс sub- відповідає в український мові префіксу під: acute гострий; subacute підгострий

Read and translate;

a) interspace, interproximal, international, intermediate, interdependent b) subdivide, subconscious, subclass, substandard, subordinate

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text:

Fillings

The temporary filling materials most commonly used are zinc oxide and eugenol cement, zinc phosphate cement, zinc polyacrylate cement and gutta¬percha. They are not used as permanent fillings as they are too soft and would not remain intact for long periods. Temporary fillings are used:

1 .As a first-aid measure to relieve pain.

2.When there is insufficient time to complete the cavity and insert a permanent filling in one visit.

3. For permanent fillings requiring more than one visit, e.g. inlays and crowns, a temporary restoration is necessary between visits.

Zinc oxide and eugenol cement are non-irritant to the pulp and can be safely used in the very deepest cavities.

It is too soft and slow-setting to use as a foundation for a permanent filling in one visit. But this can be overcome by using a quick-setting proprietary brand which hardens rapidly enough to make a satisfactory lining for permanent fillings. It cannot be used as a lining for acrylic fillings.

Preparations containing eugenol may cause a burning sensation if they come in contact with the lips. Amalgam is the most widely used permanent filling in dentistry and is prepared by mixing the alloy with mercury. The alloy contains silver, tin, copper and zinc; well over half consists of silver, whilst tin forms just over a quarter. It is supplied1 in the form of powder for hand mixing, or as pre-packed capsules or pellets for mechanical mixing.

As amalgam is a plastic filling and a good conductor, cavities are undercut for retention and lined to insulate the pulp.

The colour precludes its use in front teeth where it would show3. As it is a good conductor, a lining is necessary in all but the shallowest cavities to prevent pain from sudden temperature changes, such as occur with very hot or cold drinks.

Acrylic is used as a permanent filling for front teeth as it matches them perfectly and equals silicate in this respect. However, it has many other important uses in dentistry. Both silicate cement and acrylic have serious shortcomings as permanent filling materials for front teeth. Silicate fillings are really only semi-permanent4 and, unless a meticulous5 technique is used, may discolor and lose their perfect appearance. Similarly, acrylic fillings may undergo marginal staining due to shrinkage. In an attempt to overcome disadvantages, new filling materials have recently been introduced which combine the best properties of both materials and avoid their worst defects. These new materials are known as composite fillings and several types are available.

Basically they consist of an inorganic strengthener in a resin binder. The inorganic strengthener may resemble silicate cement or consist of glass beads or quartz. This is incorporated into the resin binder.

Notes

1. to be supplied — випускатися

2. pellet — гранула

3. where it would show — де вона (пломба) буде помітна

4. semi-permanent — постійні не повністю

5. meticulous — ретельний (= careful)

6. strengthener — ініціатор полімерізації

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents for the following word combinations:

remain intact; insert a permanent filling; to harden rapidly; the most widely used; hand mixing; to insulate the pulp; the shallowest cavities; to match perfectly; shrinkage; to be available

Exercise 5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Найбільш часто використовувані; занадто мякий; здолати; достатньо швидко; уникнути; мічтити у вигляді порошку; у цьому відношенні; втратити гарний зовнішній вигляд; недостатнє крйове прилягання; існує декілька видів

Exercise 6. Answer the questions:

1.What temporary filling materials do you know?

2.Why aren't they used as permanent fillings?

3.When are temporary fillings used?

4.Can zinc oxide and eugenol cement be used as a foundation for a permanent filling?

5.What is amalgam?

6.In what form is it supplied?

7. Why are cavities undercut for retention with amalgam?

8.Why can't it be used in front teeth?

9.What new materials have been recently introduced?

10.What disadvantages have silicate cement and acrylic? 11. What do they consist of?

Exercise 7.Give synonyms to the words:

To treat, pain, gum, to take out, to protect, to rot, front teeth, false tooth, to insulate, to resemble.

Exercise 8.Translate into English:

1. Тимчасові пломби ставлять у тих випадках, якщо необхідно зняти біль, перевірити ефект лікування, якщо недостатньо часу для встановлення постійної пломби за одне відвідування або якщо для постійної пломби необхідно більш ніж одне відвідування.

2. Постійні пломби часто вимагають прокладки.

3. Амальгами широко використовуються для пломбування бокових зубів..

4. Акрилова пластмаса використовується як пломбувальний матеріал для пломбування передніх зубів.

5. Акрилова пластмаса має багато недоліків: зміна кольору, недостатнє крайове прилягання.

6. В останній час з’явився новий пломбувальний матеріал композит, які чудово підходять для пломбування передніх та бокових великих порожнин зубів.

7. Композити набагато більш тверді нід акрилові пластмаси..

8. Працювати з композитами легше, а результати значно краще..

Exercise 9. Fill the blanks with the words below. You may need to change the form of the words. Each word can be used only once.

cavity cement dentist dentures disease equipment

examine fill gums interval lose nerve

pain practice preventive tooth treat treatment

General dental …. includes mouth examination, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of… . There ….. frequently uses X-rays and other ….. to ensure correct diagnosis and …… .

Treatment may include filling ….., removing the ….. of teeth, treating diseases of the ….., removing ……, and replacing ….. teeth and bridges and ….. . Anesthesia is often used in any treatment that might cause ….. . Teeth may be ….. with amalgam, or …… . Perhaps one of the most important part of a dentist’s work is .. dentistry. If a dentist ….. a patient’s teeth at regular ….., he may find and ….. a disease before it becomes serious.

Exercise 10. Give summary of the text.

TEST

Choose the right form.

1.Dentists recommend brushing teeth with a fluoride toothpaste to them from decay.

a) arm b) defend c) guard d) protect e) prevent

2. Have you got toothache? Your face looks ..... .

a) big b) enlarged c) expanded d) swollen e) dilated

3. I had to have two when I went to the dentist last week.

a) cavities b) fillings c) paddings d) refills e) settings

4. She always pays visits to the dentist.

a) customary b) habitual c) normal d) regular e) natural

5. The dentist told him to open his mouth

a) broad b) greatly c) much d) wide e) a lot

6. He when the dentist touched the bad tooth.

a) alarmed b) dreaded c) laughed d) winced e) cried

7. Robert is very about the cost of his dental treatment.

a) ashamed b) pained c) sorry d) worried e) impressed

8. I'm having to pay yet another visit to the dentist.

a) afraid b) dreading c) frightened d) terrified e)sorry

9. The in one of my teeth has come out, so I'm going to the dentist.

a) cover b) completion c) filling d) replacement e) cap

10. He made a note of the appointment with his dentist in his

a) diary b) directory c) journal d) register e) magazine

11. She phoned her dentist to say she was unable to ..... her appointment,

a) arrive b) hold c) keep d) stand e) stay

12. She put going to the dentist although her teeth needed attention.

a) away b) in c) off d) out e) up

13. The small girl had to have four teeth ...... because they were so bad.

a) broken b) pulled c) taken away d) taken out e) taken off

14. The loss of a front tooth has left an unsightly in her teeth.

a) gap b) hole c) slot d) space e) stain

15. In some countries more and more young people now need teeth.

a) false b) spare c) unnatural d) untrue e) wrong