Increasing Resistance to Caries

Increasing the resistance … a tooth to acid attack has already been mentioned. It can be done … dietary measures and fluoridation. But fluoridation is a subject … such importance to the dental profession that it is covered … much more detail. Decisions to introduce fluoridation are made … local authority level and every dental student should know its benefits so that they may voice their opinion … the basis of knowledge rather than emotion.

Exercise 11. Give summary of the text.

TEST

1. Patients … how dental disease arises and how it can be prevented.

1. is told b) told c) can tell d) are told e) talk

2. The most impressive way of demonstrating plaque on their own teeth is to give patients … to suck.

1. Remedy b) a disclosing tablet c) a red pill d) a dying tablet e) a candy

3. Patients … then see by themselves in a mirror whether they are cleaning their teeth properly.

1. Must b) should c) can d) may e) might

4. The best substitute in case when a toothbrush is not available is … .

1. to eat fruit and vegetables b) not to eat

c) to use a detergent food or plain water mouth rinse after meal

d) to drink e) to eat an apple

5. Instruction in oral hygiene is best given … .

1. at the chair-side b) in the Internet c) at hospital

d) in posters and pamphlets e) in the policlinic

6. Patients can then see … in a mirror whether they are cleaning their teeth properly.

1. on themselves b) by themselves c) by their own

d) themselves e) for themselves

7. These visits will detect incipient dental disease that can be treated far more easily … its earliest stages than later.

1. At b) on c) for d) in e) along

8. However, they are not likely to heed such advice unless it is … .

1. Visible b) practicable c) tangible d) substantial e) vital

9. It must be emphasized that the beneficial effect of cleaning teeth after meals is … if food debris is continually replaced by frequent snacks between meals.

1. put off b) lost c) insignificant d) gained e) cancelled out

10. They … how to use a toothbrush correctly, advised to clean their teeth after every meal and warned against snacks between meals.

1. are shown b) show c) is shown d) are showed

e) is showed

12. Cosmetic dentistry - (косметична стоматологія)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

hygiene [`haid3i:n] procedure [prə`si:d3ə] porcelain [`po:s(ə)lin] enhance [in`ha:ns]

veneers [və`niə] esthetics [i:s`Өetiks] require [ri`kwaiə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Veneers вініри (фарфорові пластівки, що мають товщину з лист бумаги, закріплені на передній поверхні зуба за допомогою кольорового цементу)

porcelain фарфор

hygiene гігієна

appearance зовнішній вигляд

stain забарвлювати

bleaching вибілювання

bond з’єднувати, скріплювати

chip відкол

worn зношений, ушкоджений

comprehensive всебічний, повний

overall загальний

Exercise 3. Find the equivalent:

porcelain laminates 1. відколи та тріщини

smile makeover 2. використовуваний у нинішній час

chips and cracks 3. фарфорові пластівки

match the color 4. створення нової посмішки

currently in use 5. підійти за кольором

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

To focus on improving the appearance, to apply to a tooth's surface and sculpt into shape, to offer many options, enhance the appearance, false teeth, gaps in teeth, repair chips and cracks, a comprehensive assessment, porcelain or composite materials, oral disease.

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Participle:

The blood count made a week ago was normal.

The heart deficiency revealed by the radiograph was due to typhus.

A new virus linked to liver disease of previously unknown cause has been discovered by a research team in Italy.

The precise nature of the cellular defect resulting from the mutation is unknown.

If detected early, melanoma has an almost 100 % cure rate.

Having no evidence of ulceration or neoplasm, we couldn’t decide upon laparotomy.

A person suffering from pulpitis is waiting for the dentist in the hall.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

While traditional dentistry focuses on oral hygiene and preventing, diagnosing and treating oral disease, cosmetic dentistry focuses on improving the appearance of a person's teeth, mouth and smile.

Dental fillings are a common procedure used to treat decayed teeth. Previously, most dental fillings were composed primarily of gold, amalgam and other materials that left visible dark spots on the teeth. Today, dental fillings may fall into the category of cosmetic dentistry, because you can select fillings made of porcelain or composite materials that closely match the color of your teeth, thus maintaining the natural appearance of your teeth and smile.

Cosmetic dentistry offers many options for people who are unhappy with their smile. Some of cosmetic dentistry treatments currently in use include:

- Bonding is a process in which an enamel-like dental composite material is applied to a tooth's surface, sculpted into shape, hardened and then polished.

- Teeth Whitening: Teeth whitening is perhaps the most commonly recommended cosmetic dentistry procedure. Teeth are often stained from smoking, food, drink (coffee, tea or red wine) or poor oral hygiene. Bleaching the teeth can enhance the appearance of your smile.

- Dental Veneers: Composite or porcelain laminates that are adhesively bonded to the surface of a tooth to correct and repair chips and cracks will improve a worn appearance or severe tooth discoloration. Veneers may also be recommended if you have gaps in your teeth or if you have not had success with teeth whitening.

- Smile Makeover: Smile makeovers involve a comprehensive assessment of your smile esthetics in order to improve its overall appearance. Typically one or more cosmetic dentistry procedures, such as dental veneers, dental implants, gingival sculpting and teeth whitening, will be required for several teeth in both the upper and lower arches in order to achieve the look you want.

- Dental bridges are false teeth, which are fused between two porcelain crowns to fill in the area left by a missing tooth.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 7. Make up 5 different types of questions to the text.

Exercise 8. Find antonyms to the following words in the text:

To aggravate (2 words), visible, artificial, to exclude, to soften, to destroy.

Exercise 9. Explain the following terms in English.

Dental veneers, dental bridges, bleaching

Exercise 10. Translate into English paying attention to the Participle:

Пломбування зубів – це процедура, що часто використовується при лікуванні каріозних зубів.

Зубні вкладки, вироблені з фарфору та композитних матеріалів, підходять за кольором до ваших зубів, таким чином забезпечуючи природний вигляд вашої посмішки.

Вибілювання зубів, напевно, є найчастіше рекомендованою процедурою у косметичній стоматології.

Плутанина, яка викликається внаслідок схожості назв ліків, привела до сер’йозних помилок при виписуванні ліків.

Готуючи руки перед операцією, лікар миє їх з милом під проточною водою.

Exercise 11. Give summary of the text.

TEST

1. Traditional dentistry focuses on … .

a) oral hygiene and preventing, diagnosing and treating oral disease

b) improving the appearance of a person's smile

c) treating diseases of internal organs

d) dental bridges e) dental caries

2. You can select fillings made … porcelain or composite materials that closely match the color of your teeth.

a) from b) with c) of d) for e) on

3. Teeth are often stained … smoking, food, drink (coffee, tea or red wine) or poor oral hygiene.

a) of b) from c) with d) because of e) resulting from

4. … are false teeth, which are fused between two porcelain crowns to fill in the area left by a missing tooth.

a) veneers b) dentures c) crowns d) dental bridges e) fillings

5. Composite or porcelain laminates that are adhesively bonded to the surface of a tooth to correct and repair chips and cracks will improve … .

a) your smile b) your looks c) tooth pulp d) tooth discoloration

e) your feeling

6. Bonding is a process in which an enamel-like dental composite material is applied … a tooth's surface, sculpted into shape, hardened and then polished.

1. For b) on c) for d) to e) with

7. Smile makeovers involve a comprehensive assessment of your smile esthetics … improve its overall appearance.

1. in order to b) for c) so that d) with e) in case

8. Previously, most dental fillings … primarily of gold, amalgam and other materials that left visible dark spots on the teeth.

a) have been composed b) were composed c) used to be composed

d) was composed e) have composed

9. Veneers may also be recommended if you have gaps in your teeth or if you … success with teeth whitening.

1. didn’t have b) had not c) have not had

d) haven’t been having e) have not

10. Today, dental fillings may fall into the category of cosmetic dentistry, because you can select fillings made of porcelain or composite materials that closely … the color of your teeth.

1. go well with b) match c) fit d) suit e) come to