24. Oral hygiene - (гігієна ротової порожнини) part I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice pronunciation:

measure ['meʒə]

plaque [pla:k]

calculus ['kælkjələs]

hygiene ['haidʒi:n]

debris ['deibri:]

detergent [di'tə:dʒ(ə)nt]

raw [rנ:]

fibrous ['faibrəs]

swallow ['swנləu]

alternative [נl'tə:nativ]

firm [fə:m]

tough [tΛf]

thus [∂Λs]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

measure засіб, міра

remnant залишки

to eliminate ліквідувати, знищити

debris відкладення, наліт

stagnation застій

to avoid уникати

detergent очищаючий

occasion випадок

plain простий

raw сирий, необроблений

to rinse полоскати

firm твердий

substitute замінник

tough жорсткий

Exercise 3. Read the words and word combinations and translate them:

raw: raw food, raw meat, raw materials, in the raw, a raw person

require: to require much chewing, to require extra help, to be required by law;

firm: firm fruits, firm muscles, firm voice, to stand firmly; substitute: substitute for sugar, to substitute

Exercise 4. Form and translate the new words using the given suffixes:

-tion: to prevent, to eliminate, to form, to irritate, to contribute, to inflame, to educate

- ly: effective, rapid, particular, proper, firm, direct, regular, automatical

Exercise 5. Find Ukrainian equivalents:

Dental disorder, supporting tissue, food stagnation, primary cause, public health measures, bacterial irritation, plaque formation, detergent food, food remnants, plain water, loose food particles, mouth rinsing

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Oral Hygiene and the Prevention of Dental Disease

Most dental disorders arise directly or indirectly from two basic diseases of the teeth and their supporting tissues — caries and periodontal disease. Prevention of dental disease includes elimination of food stagnation, as this is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease. Food stagnation causes plaque formation, which in turn¹ leads to acid production, in the case of caries; and to bacterial irritation and calculus in periodontal disease. The methods of prevention are oral hygiene, which is the patients' responsibility; preventive dentistry that is the dental surgeon's contribution; dental health education and increasing the resistance of teeth to disease, which are public health measures. If everyone realized it, a lot of tooth problems would be avoided.

Oral Hygiene

Oral hygiene consists simply of keeping the teeth free of food debris,² thus preventing plaque formation which leads to dental disease. It can be achieved by cleaning the teeth regularly after meals and not eating between meals. Cleaning is best performed by brushing as this is the only way³ of removing plaque. If brushing is not possible, food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food. Such foods are raw, firm, fibrous fruits or vegetables, e.g. apples, pears, carrots, celery, etc. Because of tough fibrous consistency they require much chewing and clean the teeth of food remnants.

Although it is easy enough to brush the teeth or eat an apple after meals at home, it may often be inconvenient elsewhere. On such occasions a plain water mouth rinse, which can be swallowed afterwards, is better than nothing. Of all these methods of cleaning teeth, tooth brushing is the most effective. When properly done⁴ it removes plaque, whereas detergent foods can only clean away loose food particles. Thus the role of detergent foods or mouth rinsing is not that of a satisfactory alternative to brushing; but an additional measure at the end of a meal, or a substitute when brushing is not possible.

¹ which in turn —яке, в свою чергу

²keeping the teeth free of food debris —підтримка зубів чистими від залишків їжі

³ the only way — единий щлях

⁴ when properly done — коли воно правильно здійснено

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 7. Skim the text and answer the questions.

1. What do most disorders arise from?

2. Why does prevention of dental disease include elimination of food stagnation?

3. What does food stagnation cause?

4. What methods of prevention do you know?

5. How can plaque formation be prevented?

6. What is oral hygiene?

7. Why is cleaning best performed by brushing?

8. How can food debris be removed if brushing is not possible?

9. What detergent food can you name?

10. What one must do if brushing or eating an apple is not possible?

11 Is plain water mouth rinse a satisfactory alternative to brushing?

12 .What is the most effective method of cleaning teeth?

13. When does tooth brushing remove plaque?

Exercise 8. Make the following sentences negative:

1. Prevention of dental disease includes elimination of food stagnation.

2. Food stagnation is the primary cause of caries and periodontal disease.

3. Oral hygiene consists of keeping the teeth free of food debris.

4. Cleaning is best performed by brushing.

5. Food debris can be removed by finishing the meal with a detergent food.

6. Tooth brushing is the most effective method of cleaning the teeth.

Exercise 9. Find 5 words formed by conversion:

E.g. play – to play

Exercise 10. Find English equivalents for the following word combinations in the text:

прямо чи посередньо; зубной наліт; призводить до ...; уникнути; залишки їжі; сирий; деінде; полоскання рота водою; краще, чим нічого; чистка зубів зубною щіткою; тверді продукти; додаткова міра

Exercise 11. Translate into English:

1. Будь-яка профілактика містить комплекс заходів, які попереджують виникнення несприятливих факторів, що викликають хворобу.

2. Стоматологічні захворювання виникають в результаті дії етиологічних факторів.

3. Гігієна ротової порожнини є складовою частиною попередження всіх стоматологічних захворювань.

4. Профілактика карієсу може бути здійснена комплексом заходів, направлених на усунення карієсогених сітуацій в ротовій порожнині і на підвищення резистентності тканин зуба.

5. Важливе значення в профілактиці захворювать пародонта має своєчасне і ретельне видалення зубних відкладень.

Exercise 12. Read the passage filling in the missing active words.

(acid, salivary, saliva, fluoride, tooth, teeth)

One of the most important functions of... lies in its ability to neutralize ... and maintain an alkaline environment in the mouth for much of the time. This is due to the presence of calcium and phosphate in the ... secretion. This reservoir of calcium and phosphate also serves to reduce to some extent the demineralization of the ... during acid attack and to remineralise them when the normal pH at the... surface is restored. This remineralization process is greatly facilitated by the presence of... ions.

Exercise 13. Tell in detail about:

a) methods of prevention of dental diseases; b) oral hygiene

Exercise 14. Make a summary of the text.

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice pronunciation:

accessible [ək'sesəbl]

massage ['mæsa:ʒ]

bristle ['brisl]

buccal ['bΛkəl]

mesial ['mi:ziəl]

rotary ['rəutəri]

occlusal [ə'klu:ʒ(ə)l]

abrasion [ə'breiʒ(ə)n]

thorough ['θΛrə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

accessible доступний

to add додати

stroke дотик

rotary що обертається

bristle щетинка

lack відсутність

to scrub терти, очищати

to expel видаляти

valuable цінний

dislodge видаляти

thorough ретельний

physically handicapped з физичними вадами

properly як слід, правильно

Exercise 3. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Tooth surface, medium bristles, several strokes, buccal surface, mesial surface, distal surface, lingual surface, rotary motion, occlusal surface, scrubbing action, gingival margin, baackward and forward motion, preventive measure.

Exercise 4.Read and translate the text: