Exercise 9. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. Halitosis, oral malodor, breath odor, mouth odour, foul breath or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably pleasant odors inhaled in breathing.

2. In most cases (85–90%), bad breath originates in the mouth itself.

3. Because the mouth is exposed to less hydrogen and is inactive during the morning, the odor is usually better upon awakening ("morning breath").

4. Although the causes of breath odor are not entirely understood, the most unpleasant odors are known to arise from lipids, which are processed by oral bacteria.

5. The most uncommon location for mouth-related halitosis is reported to be the tongue.

6. The stomach is considered by most researchers to be a very common source of bad breath (except in belching).

7. Currently, chronic halitosis is very well understood by most physicians and dentists, so effective treatment is not always easy to find.

8. Eating a healthy breakfast with detergent foods helps clean the very back of the tongue.

9. Chewing sugarless gum cannot help with the production of saliva, which washes away oral bacteria.

10. Maintain water levels in the body by drinking several glasses of milk a day.

Exercise 10. Skim the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1. What does such a term as halitosis describe?

2. What condition is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease?

3. Where does a bad breath originate in the most cases?

4. Due to what does the intensity of bad breath differ during the day?

5. Why does the odor usually become worse upon awakening?

6. What is the difference between the transient and persistent bad breath?

7. What are the major sources of Halitosis?

8. What is the cause of oral malodor?

9. What systemic (non-oral) medical conditions may cause foul breath odor?

10. What is the simplest and most effective way to know whether one has bad breath?

11. What strategies may be suggested for home care and treatment of chronic halitosis?

Exercise 11. Translate into English using Complex Subject Constructions.

1. Кажуть, що вона хворіє на галитоз з дитинства.

2. Повідомляють, що наукова конференція для студентів відбудеться у головному корпусі медичного університету на слідкуючій неділі.

3. Сподіваються, що діагноз підтвердиться завдяки отриманих даних.

4. Передбачалося, що пацієнт звернеться до лікаря по допомогу як найшвидше.

5. Думали, що його вже виписали.

6. Було чути, як пацієнт стогнав.

7. Бачили, як лікар обстежував хворого на туберкульоз.

8. Їх примусили надіти халати та шапочки.

9. Навряд чи нам доведеться часто зустрічатися.

10. Пацієнт, напевне, зараз спить.

TEST

1.… is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing – whether the smell is from an oral source or not.

1. Holarthritis b) Halitosis c) Hologastroschisis

d) Holoplexia e) Holotonia

2.In most cases (85–90%), bad breath originates in the… tself.

a)Mouth b) Nose c) Lungs d) Throat e) Tonsisls

3.Because the mouth is exposed to less … and is inactive during the night.

1. Hydrogen b) Carbon c) Nitrogen d) Natrium e) Oxygen

4.The most unpleasant odors … known to arise from proteins, which are processed by oral bacteria.

a)Known b) Are known c) Know d) Knew e) Is know

5. The stomach is considered by most researchers to be a very … source of bad breath (except in belching).

a) Rare b) Usual c) Uncommon d) General e) Common

6. … may help particularly when the mouth is dry, or when one cannot perform oral hygiene procedures after meals.

a)Brushing b) Cleaning c) cleansing d) chewing e) eating

7. Gargling right before bedtime with an effective mouthwash which often … antibacterial agents.

a) Contain b) Contained c) To contain d) Containing e) Contains

8… is particularly important in removing rotting food debris and bacterial plaque from between the teeth, especially at the gum line.

a) Brushing b) Cleaning c) Cleansing d) Chewing e) Flossing

9. Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath), which is a more serious condition, affecting some … of the population in varying degrees.

a) 10% b) 20% c) 25% d) 35% e) 45%

10. Large quantities of naturally-occurring bacteria are often found …. the posterior dorsum of the tongue.

a) In b) On c) Out d) From e) Inside