20. Halitosis - (галітоз)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

breath [`breӨ] breathing [`bri:δiŋ] foul [`faul] transient [`trænziən t] protein [prəu`ti:n] bacteria [bæk` t iəriə] naturally [`næt∫ərəli] cleanse [`klenz] cleaning [`kli:niŋ]

pungent [`pand3ənt] posterior [pos`tiə riə] residue [`rezidj u:] inverted [in `və:tid] bristle [`brisl] ingredient [in`gri:diə nt] silkworm [`silkwə:m] cocoon [kə`ku:n]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

cocoon кокон

silkworm шовкопряд

foul дуже неприємний запах

pungent їдкий

bristle щетина

residue залишок

self-esteem самоповага

dorsum of the tongue задня стінка язика

to thrive буйно розростатися

food remnants залишки їжі

rotting food debris перегній залишків їжі

stigma приймочка

Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Oral malodor; foul breath; to originate in the mouth; due to eating certain foods; alcohol consumption; poor self-esteem; the posterior dorsum of the tongue; on remnants of food deposits; a plastic disposable spoon; cleaning the tongue surface; to promote mechanical activity; stigmas of maize; silkworm cocoons.

Exercise 4. Read the sentences paying attention to COMPLEX SUBJECT CONSTRUCTIONS:

1.The abscess is expected to break any minute. Очікують, що нарив прорве з хвилини на хвилину.

2.The water seems to be boiling. Напевне, що вода кипить.

3.The delegation is reported to have left London. Повідомляють, що делегація покинула Лондон.

4.The dentist is considered to know much about gum diseases. Вважають, що дантист знає багато про хвороби ясен.

5.He is sure to be asked about it. Його, напевне, запитають про це.

6.She is said to be in a very poor condition. Говорять, що вона в дуже поганому стані.

7.The ambulance was seen to have disappeared. Бачили, як машина швидкої допомоги зникла.

8.The patient is supposed to be discharged from the hospital soon. Очікують, що скоро пацієнта випишуть з лікарні.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: Halitosis.

Halitosis, oral malodor, breath odor, mouth odour, foul breath or most commonly bad breath are terms used to describe noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing – whether the smell is from an oral source or not. Halitosis has a significant impact – personally and socially – on those who suffer from it or believe they do (halitophobia), and is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease. In most cases (85–90%), bad breath originates in the mouth itself. The intensity of bad breath differs during the day, due to eating certain foods (such as garlic, onions, meat, fish, and cheese), obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Because the mouth is exposed to less oxygen and is inactive during the night, the odor is usually worse upon awakening ("morning breath"). Bad breath may be transient, often disappearing following eating, brushing one's teeth, flossing, and rinsing with specialized mouthwash. Bad breath may also be persistent (chronic bad breath), which is a more serious condition, affecting some 25% of the population in varying degrees. It can negatively affect the individual's personal, social, and business relationships, leading to poor self-esteem and increased stress. Although the causes of breath odor are not entirely understood, the most unpleasant odors are known to arise from proteins, which are processed by oral bacteria. The most common location for mouth-related halitosis is reported to be the tongue. Large quantities of naturally-occurring bacteria are often found on the posterior dorsum of the tongue. This part of the tongue is relatively dry and poorly cleansed, and bacterial populations can thrive on remnants of food deposits, dead epithelial cells and postnasal drip. The second major source of bad breath is the nose. In this instance, the odor exiting the nostrils has a pungent odor which differs from the oral odor. Nasal odor may be due to sinus infections or foreign bodies.The stomach is considered by most researchers to be a very uncommon source of bad breath (except in belching).

There are a few systemic (non-oral) medical conditions which may cause foul breath odor. Such conditions are:

1. Fetor hepatic: an example of a rare type of bad breath caused by chronic liver failure.

2. Lower respiratory tract infections (Bronchial and lung infections).

3. Renal infections and renal failure.

4. Carcinoma.

5. Trimethylaminuria ("fish odor syndrome").

6. Diabetes mellitus.

7. Metabolic dysfunction.