19. Traumatic diseases of the jaws

(ТРАВМАТИЧНІ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ ЩЕЛЕП)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

trauma [`tro:mə]

fragility [fræ`d3iliti]

accidents [`æksidənt]

perioste­um [ peri`ostiəm]

ecchymosis [eki` mousis]

osseous [`osiəs]

curettage [kjuə`retid3]

luxation [lak`sei∫n]

sinus [`sainəs]

roentgen [`rontgən]

anaesthesia [ænis`Өi:ziə]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

severity тяжкість

trauma травма

fragility ламкість, крихкість

accident випадок

periostitis запалення надкісниці

touch дотик

ecchymosis синець

osseous костистий

irrigation зрошення

luxation вивих

to interfere втручатися

to predispose to привертати

adjacent суміжний, прилеглий

splint шина

anesthesia знеболювання, анестезія

Exercise 3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

Fragility of the bones; traumatic cyst; a postoperative complication; to be tender to the touch; intraosseous hemorrhage; evacuation of the fluid content; involvement of adjacent parts; a roentgen picture; under general anesthesia; a suitable method of fixation; to construct splints; to be complicated by a fracture of a bone; to result in the formation of a hemorrhagic cyst; to predispose to infection of the maxillary sinuses.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper terms given below to the following definitions:

(perioste­um; anaesthesia; cyst; ecchymosis; drainage; fracture; trauma; periostitis)

1.Discoloration of the skin through bruising.

2.A thick fibrous two-layered membrane covering the surface of bones.

3.Inflammation of the periosteum.

4.Loss of sensation, esp. of pain, induced by drugs: called general… when consciousness is lost and local …when only a specific area of the body is involved.

5.The process or a method of draining.

6.Any abnormal membranous sac or blister like pouch (торбинка) containing fluid or semisolid material.

7.Any bodily injury or wound.

8.The act of breaking or the state of being broken.

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and define their predicates. Make them negative and interrogative.

1.A youth, aged 19, admitted to the hos­pital after an automobile accident, was in a slight degree of shock but was not unconscious.

2. There is a deep laceration of the scalp over the left eyebrow and nose, a comminuted fracture of the maxil­lary, nasal bones, and a fracture of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone.

3.There will be quite free bleeding from the nose and mouth and hematoma of both eyes.

4.The lacerated tissues will be sutured and the pa­tient will be treated for shock.

5.The doctor saw the patient eight days after the accident.

6.The superficial wounds had already healed, but the face was considerably swollen.

7. The nasal bones were de­viated to the left and there was a definite depression at the right infraorbital ridge.

8.The entire upper jaws are pushed downward and backward, and twisted slightly to the right.

9.There was a slow pulse, ranging from 56 to 70, but there were no neurologic symptoms.

10. The operation will be performed and the patient will be discharged from the hospital.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

TRAUMATIC DISEASES OF THE JAWS.

The result of trauma to the jaws depends partly on the severity and partly on the fragility of the bones. It may produce a periostitis, traumatic cyst, or fracture.

Periostitis. Periostitis due to trauma uncomplicated by fracture is generally localized. It is frequently seen after surgical operations as a postoperative complication, but it also may follow blows to the jaws, such as occur in sport accidents, fist fights, and other facial injuries.

The affected part of the bone is extremely tender to the touch. There is more or less swelling of the perioste­um and overlying soft tissue with discoloration due to ecchymosis. Rise of temperature indicates infection.

Rest and cold applications to the injured part gen­erally are sufficient in simple periostitis. If there is infec­tion, drainage should be established.

Traumatic Cyst. The mandible of young patients is plastic so that trauma may cause intraosseous hemorrhage without producing a fracture. It results in the formation of a traumatic or hemorrhagic cyst.

Treatment is surgical, consisting of evacuation of the fluid content and curettage. Healing is by granulation, which is assisted by irrigation and packing with gauze.

Fracture. Minor injuries result in subluxation, some­times dislocation of the mandible may or may not be associated with fracture.

Fracture of the face usually involves one or more bones. Fractures of the jaws almost always interfere with mastication, and fractures of the maxilla predispose to infection of the maxillary sinuses. Depending on the char­acter of the fracture and involvement of adjacent parts, we distinguish several types of fractures. The roentgen picture will show the amount of displacement.

The jaw is reduced under general anaesthesia and im­mobilized by a suitable method of fixation. The simplest methods are best. Various splints may be constructed.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 7. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents in the right column:

1. General anesthesia 1. рентгенівська плівка

2. The injured part 2. післяопераційне ускладнення

3. The fragility of the bones 3. загальна анестезія

4. A postoperative complication 4. пошкоджена частина

5. To be extremely tender to the touch 5. втягування суміжних частин

6. Traumatic cyst 6. встановлювати дренаж

7. Involvement of adjacent parts 7. Знебарвлювання через синець

8. The roentgen picture 8. надмірно болючий на дотик

9. To establish a drainage 9. травматична кіста

10. Discoloration due to ecchymosis 10. ламкість кісток

Exercise 8. Insert prepositions:

1.The result of to the jaws may depend partly… the severity and partly …the fragility of the bones.

2. Periostitis due…trauma uncomplicated … fracture is generally localized.

3. The affected part of the bone is extremely tender …the touch.

4. Rest and cold applications to the injured part gen­erally are sufficient … simple periostitis.

5. Treatment is surgical, consisting … evacuation of the fluid content and curettage.

6. Minor injuries result … subluxation, some­times dislocation of the mandible may or may not be associated with fracture.

7. Depending … the char­acter of the fracture and involvement of adjacent parts, we distinguish several types of fractures.

8. Healing is by granulation, which is assisted… irrigation and packing … gauze.

Exercise 9. Approve or contradict the following statements:

1. The fragility of the bones will be allowed to produce a periostitis, traumatic cyst, or fracture.

2. Periostitis is frequently seen before surgical operations as a postoperative complication.

3. Periostitis also may follow blows to the jaws, such as occur in sport accidents, fist fights, and other facial injuries.

4. Rise of temperature does not indicate infection.

5. If there is infec­tion, drainage will be established.

6. The mandible of young patients is plastic so that trauma may cause intraosseous hemorrhage with producing a fracture.

7. Fractures of the jaws never interfere with mastication, and fractures of the maxilla predispose to infection of the maxillary sinuses.

8. The roentgen picture will be able to show the amount of displacement.

Exercise 10. Skim the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1. What resulting diseases may a trauma to the jaw produce?

2. In what case does periostitis usually occur?

3. What are the causes of periostitis?

4. What treatment is prescribed in periostitis?

5. At what age does a traumatic cyst usually occur and why?

6. What measures should be prescribed to heal a traumatic cyst?

7. How many bones does the fracture of the face usual­ly involve?

8. What do the fractures of the jaws interfere with?

9. What do the fractures of the maxilla predispose to?

10. Is the jaw reduced under the general or local anesthesia?

11. What methods are used to immobilize the jaw?

Exercise 11. Make questions to the underlined words or a group of words:

CASE HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT.

1. A man, aged 31, was injured in an auto mobile accident, received multiple lacerations, and fractures of the facial bones.

2. He was first treated in a local hospital, where the wounds of the face were sutured.

3. The doctor saw the patient three days after the injury.

4. The nose was fractured and bent to the left.

5. The mo­lar bone was fractured and displaced.

6. The upper jaw was fractured in at least three distinct places, with pro­nounced backward displacement of the segments.

7. There were numerous cuts on the face and forehead.

8. The patient had lost a considerable amount of blood and was quite pale.

9. Nine days after the injury the patient was operated on under general anesthesia.

10. In a month he was discharged from the hospital.

Exercise 12. Be ready to discuss the main traumatic diseases of the jaws.

TEST.

1. The result of trauma to the jaws depends … on the severity and partly on the fragility of the bones.

1. Partly b)Frequently c) Slowly d) Rapidly e) quickly

2. … due to trauma uncomplicated by fracture is generally localized.

a) Stomatitis b) Pulpitis c) Periostitis d) Appendicitis e) Halitosis

3. The affected part of the … is extremely tender to the touch.

1. Crown b) Jaw c) Face d) Gum e) Bone

4. Rise of temperature … infection.

a)Indicate b) Indicated c) Has indicated d) To indicate e) Indicates

5. If there is infec­tion, drainage should ….

a) to establish b) to be established c) establish d) establishes e) established

6. Treatment is surgical, consisting … evacuation of the fluid content and curettage.

1. On b) Of c) – d) Out e) From

7. … injuries result in subluxation, some­times dislocation of the mandible may or may not be associated with fracture.

1. Minor b) Mild c) Slight d) Severe e) Weak

8. Fracture of the face usually involves … bones.

1. One b) More c) One or more d) One or two e)three

9. The roentgen …will show the amount of displacements.

1. Film b) Scan c) Picture d) X-ray e) Photo

10. The jaw is … under general anesthesia and im­mobilized by a suitable method of fixation.

a) Induced b) Reduced c) Produced d) Increased e) Decreased