Surgery Procedure
The nurse sets out mirrors tweezers and impression trays, and has the impression material ready ... preparing and loading ... the tray. The patient is provided ... a bib and mouth-wash.... impressions have been taken the nurse cleans ... any impression material from the patient's lips. As the impression must reach the laboratory... perfect condition the nurse must take great care to handle it correctly. It should be very carefully packed if it is sent away... an outside laboratory.
Exercise 8. Speak on the topics:
Effects of loss of teeth b) Denture construction
T E S T
1.Prosthetics is the branch of dentistry concerned with …of missing teeth.
a) treatment b) extraction c) filling d) loss e) replacement
2. The loss of a … can give rise to caries.
a) some teeth b) single tooth c) different teeth d) missing teeth e) first tooth
3. If several teeth are missing, mastication cannot be performed efficiently, this may lead to …
a) cardiac insufficiency b) caries c) digestive disorders
d) bile obstruction e) hepatitis
4. If some teeth are still present the replacement is called a … denture.
a) edentulous b) functionless c) bridge d) partial e) full
5. How is the artificial replacement called if a jaw is edentulous?
a)full denture b)Bugel denture c)partial denture d)fixed prosthesis e)bridge denture
6. Why do the two teeth on each side of the missing one form additional food trap?
a)because they overerupt b)because they tilt to each other c)because they need filling
d) because they lose effect of mastication e) because they give rise to gingivitis
7. It is essential to replace missing teeth as soon as possible … prevent digestive disorders.
a) due to b) that’s why c) in order to d) thanks to e) because of
8. The loss of a single tooth can give rise to periodontal disease in … three other teeth.
a) therefore b) thus c) through d) throughout e) at least
9. Dentures … in dental laboratories
a) are made b) make c) has been made d) made e) is making
10. Models must … in the same relationship to each other as they are in the mouth.
a) are mounted b)be mounted c)to be mounted d)have been mounted e) mount
16. Dental braces and retainers - (брекети)
PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:
alignment [ə`lainmənt] accuracy [`ækjurəsi] precise [ pri`sais] qualified [`kwolifaid] experienced [iks`piəriəns] adolescence [ædə`lesns] |
detachable [di`tæt∫əbl] appliances [ə`plaiəns] align [ə`lain] wearer [`weərə] sapphire [`sæfaiə] wire [`waiə] |
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
accuracy точність, правильність
precise точний, певний
qualified компетентний
experienced досвідчений
adolescence юнацтво
detachable змінний
to align вирівнювати
wearer носій
sapphire сапфір
wire дріт
alignment вирівнювання, регулювання
appliance прилад, пристосування
Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations and make up the sentences of your own:
the outward appearance
the proper alignment of teeth
slots for a metal wire
the accuracy of the diagnosis
a highly qualified and experienced dentist
state-of-the-art technology
in childhood or adolescence
detachable devices
a transparent sapphire bracket system
the doctor's recommendations
Exercise 4. Choose the definitions to the following terms:
Jaw, dentistry, orthodontics, occlusion, bracket.
- the branch of dentistry concerned with preventing or correcting irregularities of the teeth.
– the relation of the upper and lower teeth when they are in contact.
– the component of a fixed orthodontic appliance that is bonded to the tooth.
– either the maxilla or the mandible. They form the framework of the mouth and provide attachment for the teeth.
– the study, management and treatment of diseases and conditions affecting the mouth, jaws, teeth and their supporting tissues.
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
Orthodontics (dental braces and retainers).
Orthodontics is the science of the correction of irregular bite and/or the proper alignment of teeth. Like implantology, only specialized clinics provide this valuable service. The success of this treatment depends on the accuracy of the diagnosis, carefully designed and correctly followed plan of treatment, precise placement of the corrective devices by highly qualified and experienced dental professionals, as well as the use of state-of-the-art technology.
Before treatment |
After treatment
|
Most people are mistaken in thinking that the bite can be corrected only in childhood or adolescence. This is not so - the bite of adults can be corrected as well. Principal orthodontic devices consist of various braces, bracket system and removable appliances. The braces are detachable devices depending on their design, can be worn either only at night or 24 hours a day. They can perform different functions, including changing the width of the palate, the shape of the jawbone, alignment of teeth etc.
The bracket system consists of a set of numerous small fasteners, which are attached to the teeth and have slots for a metal wire. Initially, the wire is bent to conform to the shape of the teeth. After the wire is attached to the teeth, it tries to return to its original shape, in this way forcing the teeth to align to a straight line. From time to time, the patient visits his dentist to change the wire. As a rule, a bracket system is "worn" for 1-2 years to achieve best results.
In the process of getting used to the bracket system, the outward appearance of the device becomes extremely important to the wearer. Besides selecting from a wide choice of various traditional metal brackets, a transparent sapphire bracket system, made of artificially grown sapphire crystals, is also offered.
Ordinary bracket system |
Sapphire bracket system |
Adult patients might also be particularly interested in lingual bracket systems, which are adjusted on the inner (lingual) surface of teeth and not visible from the outside. Younger patients often find it fun choosing the color of the device, ranging from transparent to multicolored. And if the child likes, it could contain a toy animal or toy car. This way, the device becomes a favorite decoration, and the child is more likely to take care of it and follow all the doctor's recommendations. That is how orthodontic treatment may be effective and fun.
Lingual bracket system
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:
Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences:
… is the science of the correction of irregular bite and/or the proper alignment of teeth.
The success of this treatment depends on…
Most people are mistaken in thinking that the bite can be corrected only in …
Principal orthodontic devices consist of various ….
The braces are detachable devices which can perform different functions, including …
… consists of a set of numerous small fasteners, which are attached to the teeth and have slots for a metal wire.
… in lingual bracket systems, which are adjusted on the inner (lingual) surface of teeth and not visible from the outside.
Younger patients often find it fun choosing …
Exercise 7. Answer the questions:
What is Orthodontics?
What does the success of this treatment depend on?
At what age the bite can be corrected?
What do the principal orthodontic devices consist of?
What are the functions of the braces?
What does the bracket system consist of?
What is a transparent sapphire bracket system made of?
What can make the child to take care of his braces and follow all the doctor's recommendations?
Exercise 8. Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations:
Найновіша технологія; спеціальна клініка; компетентний та висококваліфікований спеціаліст; успіх лікування; в дитинстві та юнацтві; основний ортодонтичний прилад; змінний пристрій; пристосовуватися до форми зубів; досягати найкращих результатів; залежити від конструкції (дизайну); ширина піднебіння; паз для металічного дроту; носій скобок (брекетів); зовнішній вигляд; прозора сапфірова дужкова система.
Exercise 9 . Put questions to the underlined words or a group of words.
Caries is a breakdown of tooth structure, caused by acid.
Regular oral hygiene will be important in the health of the gums.
Prevention of caries may be achieved by removal of carbohydrate debris.
The type of treatment depends on the condition of the pulp.
Dental caries resulted from the destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth.
The technique of inserting a filling varies with the type of cavity and filling materials.
Scaling and gingivectomy are performed for the treatment of periodontal diseases.
Periodontal disease is a chronic, progressive destruction of the bone and gums.
Exercise 10. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
WHAT TO EXPECT & WHAT TO AVOID.
Although treatment plans are customized for each patient, most people wear their braces for one to three years depending … the conditions that need correcting. This is followed … a period of wearing a retainer that holds the teeth in their new positions. Although a little discomfort is expected during treatment, today’s braces are more comfortable than ever before. Newer materials apply a constant, gentle force to move teeth and usually require fewer adjustments.
Good oral hygiene is especially important for people wearing braces. Brushing regularly, as directed … the dentist, flossing daily and scheduling dental visits can help keep teeth healthy. Brushing and flossing remove plaque, a sticky film… bacteria that forms … teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly, it can lead … caries. Patients … braces should maintain a balanced diet and limit between-meal snacks. Your dentist may recommend avoiding certain foods that could interfere … braces or accidentally bend the wires. These foods may include nuts, popcorn, hard candy, ice and sticky foods like chewing gum, caramel or other chewy candy.
Orthodontic treatment time generally is an estimate that varies … patient … patient. The dentist has specific treatment goals …mind, and treatment typically continues until the goals are achieved. The result will be worth the wait.
Exercise 11. Translate into ENGLISH paying attention to the Grammar:
1.Ортодонтія – це наука, яка займається виправленням неправильного прикусу та вирівнюванням зубів.
2.Відомо, що успіх ортодонтії залежить від точності установленого діагнозу, правильно підібраного плану лікування, компетенції та обізнаності лікаря, а також від вибору технології лікування.
3.Без сумніву, що корекцію зубів за допомогою скобок або брикетних систем можна проводити як дітям так і дорослим.
4.Скобки виконують різноманітні функції: вони змінюють ширину піднебіння, форму щелепної кістки, вирівнюють зуби, тощо.
5.Такі продукти харчування як горіхи, кукурудзяні баранці, тверді льодяники, морозиво, а також жувальна гумка, карамель та будь-які жувальні цукерки можуть зашкодити вашим скобкам.
6.Напевне, що результат успішного лікування буде вартий тривалого очікування.
Exercise 12. Tell in detail about:
Braces 2. bracket system
TEST:
1.…is the science of the correction of irregular bite and/or the proper alignment of teeth.
a) Prosthetics b) Endodontics c) Orthodontics d) Orthodontist e) Periodontics
2. The success of this treatment depends … the accuracy of the diagnosis, carefully designed and correctly followed plan of treatment.
a) On b) In c) Out d) From e) With
3. Most people are mistaken in thinking that the bite can … only in childhood or adolescence.
a) Correct b) Be correct c) Corrected d) Be corrected e) To correct
4. Principal orthodontic devices consist … various braces, bracket system and removable appliances.
a) In b) Of c) Upon d) From e) Out
5. The braces are detachable devices depending on their design, can be worn either only …or 24 hours a day.
a) In the morning b) In the evening c) In the afternoon
d) Whole day e) At night
6. … the patient visits his dentist to change the wire.
a) From time to time b) From day to day c) From case to case
d) From and out e) Inside and outside
7. As a rule, a bracket system is "worn" for … to achieve best results.
a) 2 years b) 3 years c) 1-2 years d) 2-3 years e) One year
8. Adult patients …in lingual bracket systems.
a) might also be particularly interested b) may not also be particularly interested
c) might also interested d) may also be particularly interested
e) might particularly interested
9. Younger patients often find it fun choosing the color of the device, ranging …from transparent …to multicolored.
a) From… out b) Till …from c) Till… until d) Since e) From… to
10. The device becomes a favorite decoration, and the child ….it and follow all the doctor's recommendations.
a) are more likely to take care of b) is more liked to take care of
c) was more likely took care of d) is more likely take care of
e) is more likely to take care of