14. Teeth bleaching - (відбілювання зубів)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

pumice ['pamis]

vinegar ['vinigə]

deciduous teeth [di'sidjuəs]

porous ['porəs]

shade ['∫eid]

guard trays ['ga:d 'trei]

rudimentary [rudi'mentəri]

ingestion [in'dʒəst∫n]

oxidizing agent [oksi'daizing 'eidʒent]

iconic [ai'konik]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary. Read the words and word combinations:

stain забарвлювати, пляма

bleach відбілювати

shade відтінок

pumice пемза

vinegar оцет

deciduous teeth тимчасові зуби (молочні)

porous пористий

guard trays захисна ложка, капа

rudimentary елементарний, первісний

ingestion вживання, ковтання

oxidizing agent окислювач

iconic символічний

Exercise 3. Translate word combinations into English and find synonyms to them:

Молочні зуби, пористий, ідеальний, вести до, застосовувати, ліки, знизити, рідина, містити в собі, забарвлювати, пошкоджувати, ряд зубів, часто, ясна, зубний камінь, премоляр, зубний наліт.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to Modal verbs and make questions to the underlined words:

1. Bleaching couldn’t be performed as the original tooth color was grayish.

2. Darkening of your teeth must have resulted from indulgence in smoking.

3. Caries can’t have developed so quickly.

4. Prolonged exposure to bleaching agents may damage tooth enamel.

5. Tooth whitening can restore colour of fillings, porcelain, and other ceramics.

6. Various chemical and physical agents can be used to whiten teeth.

7. Consumer organizations recommend that bleaching products should only be used after consultation with a dentist, while the cosmetic industry argues that, since bleaching products are basically safe, they should be freely available.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

TEETH WHITENING

Whitening teeth for aesthetic purposes has been dated back to the Ancient Egyptians, where a mixture of ground pumice and wine vinegar was brushed on the teeth with an rudimentary toothbrush. Nowadays it is a widespread procedure which can performed either at home or at the dentist’s office.

Tooth whitening, also known as dental bleaching, is a common procedure in general dentistry but most especially in the field of cosmetic dentistry. Сhild's deciduous teeth are generally whiter than the adult ones. As a person ages the adult teeth often become darker due to changes in the mineral structure of the tooth, as the enamel becomes less porous. As a result of our life style and food habits , the surface of teeth becomes more transparent and more of the yellow-colored dentin shows through.

Teeth can also become stained by bacterial pigments, food and tobacco. Certain antibiotic medications can also lead to teeth stains or a reduction in the brilliance of the enamel.

There are several methods to whiten teeth: whitening toothpaste, bleaching gel and laser bleaching.

Some whitening toothpastes contain gentle polishing or chemical agents that provide additional stain removal effectiveness. Whitening toothpastes can help remove surface stains only and do not contain bleach. None of the home use whitening toothpastes can produce the bleaching effect you can get in the dentist's office. Whitening toothpastes can lighten your tooth's color by about one shade, but professional bleaching can make your teeth three to eight shades lighter.

Traditionally, at-home whitening is done with bleaching gel which is applied to the teeth using thin guard trays. Oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide are utilized to lighten the shade of the tooth.

Laser bleaching utilizes light energy to accelerate the process of bleaching in a dental office. The effects of bleaching can last for several months, but may vary depending on the lifestyle of the patient. Factors which will decrease whitening include smoking and the ingestion of dark colored liquids like coffee, tea and red wine.

And remember - a bright gleaming white smile is one of today’s iconic images of beauty.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Look through the text and answer the questions:

1. What is tooth whitening?

2. Who was the 1^st to whiten the teeth?

3. Why do many people bleach their teeth?

4. Why are deciduous teeth whiter than permanent ones?

5. What can make permanent teeth get darker?

6. What are the methods of teeth bleaching?

7. What is the most effective method and why?

8. How long does the effect of bleaching last?

9. What method of bleaching would you prefer and why?

10. Is bleaching a painless procedure?

Exercise 7. Find in the text English equivalents to the following word combinations:

Яскрава сяюча біла усмішка, прискорити процес відбілювання, рідина забарвлена в темний колір, поверхневі плями, висвітлити, спосіб життя, символічний образ краси, винний оцет, ніжна поліроль, на 2 тони светліше.

Exercise 8. Choose the proper continuation of the following sentences:

1. Whitening toothpastes can only help to remove …. but not ….

2. Traditionally, at-home whitening is done with ...

3. Factors which will decrease whitening include ...

4. In laser bleaching, light energy ....

5. As a person ages the adult teeth often become darker due to ...

6. Teeth can become stained by ...

7. Whitening toothpastes can lighten your tooth's color by ….

8. With age, the surface of teeth becomes more transparent and ….

Exercise 9.Translate into English words written in Russian and rewrite the sentences:

1. Дитячи молочні зуби are generally whiter than the adult ones.

2. Паління та вживання кави, чаю та червоного вина may decrease whitening.

3. Поки людина старішає his tooth structure changes.

4. At-home you can use bleaching gel which накладається на the teeth.

5. Today, bleaching is a widespread procedure яка виконується for aesthetic purposes.

6. In this case, laser bleaching не можна було застосовувати as it могла distroy the teeth.

7. Internal staining of dentin може відбілити the teeth from inside out.

8. In ancient Egypt people відбілювали their teeth with сумішшю of ground pumice and винний оцет.

Exercise 10. Approve or contradict the following:

1. Smoking increases tooth bleaching.

2. Whitening teeth for aesthetic purposes has been dated back to the Medieval Times.

3. All toothpastes help remove surface stains through the action of mild abrasives

4. Whitening toothpastes can bleach your teeth up to 3 shades.

5. Adult teeth often become darker due to changes in the mineral structure of the tooth, as the dentin becomes porous.

6. At home you can whiten your teeth using bleaching gel and tooth pastes.

7. Hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide are utilized to lighten the shade of the tooth.

8. The effects of bleaching can last for several years, but may vary depending on the health of the patient.

Exercise 11. Translate sentences into English:

1. Позитивна дія після відбілювання зубів лише одна — покращується їх зовнішній вигляд.

2. Відбілювання — це хімічний процес, а значить воно не є абсолютно безпечним.

3. Негативно на зубну емаль впливають: чорний чай, кава, цукерки.

4. Покращують стан зубів такі продукти, як морква, яблука, груші, капуста, вони прекрасно очищають зуби та масажують їх.

5. Одержати білі зуби, використовуючи тільки «Дірол», «Орбіт» або «Блендамед», практично неможливо.

6. Пошкодження зубної емалі веде до потемніння зубів.

7. Відбілювання – це процес, при якому не тільки відбілюються поверхні плями на зубах, а й висвітлюється сам зуб.

8. Стоматологи не рекомендують проводити відбілювання зубів пацієнтам з хворобами ясен, карієсом, з пошкодженням емалі зубів, при наявності пломб на зовнішній поверхні зубів.

Exercise 12. Give a brief survey of the text.

TEST

1. His teeth are very white, he …. them.

a) could whiten b) can have whitened c) must have whitened

d) may have whitened e) must whiten

2. … can help remove surface stains only and do not contain bleach.

a) bleaching gel b) Orbit c) whitening tooth paste

d) oxidizing agents e) brushing

3. Ingestion of firm food … avoided.

a) can be b) should be c) must have been d) may be e) should have been

4. The effects of bleaching can last for …., but may vary depending on the … of the patient.

a) ages b) months c) years d) decades e) weeks

a) health b) predisposition c) lifestyle d) inheritance e) age

5. Patient’s sensitivity … anesthesia should be checked before the injection….

a) of b) with c) to d) on e) by

a) is done b) is made c) makes d) was performed e) are made

6. Methods of bleaching are divided … 3 main types according … their action and effect.

a) by b) on c) in d) to e) for

a) with b) to c) by d) on e) at

7. Teeth condition may be improved by ingesting such products as …

a) beet, onion, potato b) carrot, apple, pear c) red grapes, blackberry

d) watermelon, oranges, kiwi e) strawberry, raspberry

8. Adult teeth are darker than the deciduous ones because …

a) they are older b) they lose their porous enamel c) their dentin is being destroyed

d) they drink too much coffee and tea e) their enamel is being destroyed

9. The term "bleaching" is permitted to be used when the teeth can be whitened …

a) beyond their natural color b) by removing debris

c) by polishing teeth d) by removing surface stains e) to the colour of snow

10. As a result of our life style and food habits, the surface of teeth becomes more …

a) soft b) transparent c) porous d) cracked e) gentle

11. Archeological finding showed that tooth whitening … even in Ancient Egypt.

a) was used b) have been used c) had been used d) has been used e) used