13. Teeth fluoridation

(ФТОРУВАННЯ ЗУБІВ)

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

a plaque ['pla:k]

destruction [dis'trak∫ən]

interfere [intə'fiə]

ingest [in'dʒest]

cornerstones ['ko:nə'stəun]

promote [prə'məut]

penetrate [peni'treit]

suffice [sə'fais]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

plaque наліт

destruction руйнування

interfere впливати

ingest вживати, ковтати

cornerstones камінь спотикання, наріжний камінь.

promote підтримувати, сприяти

penetrate проникати

suffice бути достатнім

convert перетворювати

rebuild відновлювати

Exercise 3. Group the given words with words from the text in synonymic pairs:

e.g. to ruin – to destroy

to enter, to change, inside, destruction, to decrease, profitable, gingival, to be enough, injurious, dental deposit, use inside, now.

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to Passive Voice:

1. The changed condition of the patient was noticed by the doctor.

2. He is recommended to use toothpaste with fluoride.

3. Donors will be given light breakfast before blood taking.

4. Normal appearance of front teeth has been restored by a filling.

5. Temporary fillings are inserted only as a temporary measure.

6. A man will have been made an X-ray by 6 o’clock tomorrow.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text.

TEETH FLUORIDATION

Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly convert the sugars into acid. If sugars enter the mouth, it destroys the enamel surface, that results in a cavity through which bacteria can penetrate and the inner structure of the tooth is infected. This is tooth decay and, if left untreated, it will gradually destroy the tooth causing pain and often the formation of an abscess.

Teeth fluoridation can be proposed to stop the process of destruction, as fluoride prevents cavities from forming by promoting stronger tooth enamel and helping to rebuild it when it breaks down.

Fluoride interferes with the process of tooth decay in several ways:

- If sufficient amount of fluoride is ingested during the period of enamel development (up to 7 years of age) the enamel of their teeth becomes more resistant to acid attack.

- Fluoride also reduces the ability of the plaque bacteria to produce acid. This is a major factor in the prevention of tooth decay.

But nowadays it is considered that fluoride should come in direct contact with teeth as

• ingesting fluoride in water is not beneficial and may even be harmful to health.

• ingesting fluoride during the formation of teeth below the gums has been shown to have little or no positive effect.

• high fluorine intake, once reported to be completely safe, is now associated with destruction of tooth enamel, a form of bone cancer and other diseases.

The emphasis in dental health is now focussed on the goal of maintaining low levels of fluoride in everybody's mouths for as long as possible - particularly during waking hours when foods and drinks containing sugars are likely to be ingested.

For this reason control of sugars in the diet, water fluoridation, and the regular use of fluoride toothpaste remain the cornerstones of tooth decay prevention.

If use of fluoride for teeth is recommended in the future, toothpaste containing fluoride and fluoride treatments at the dentist are likely to suffice.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Skim the text and look for the answers to given questions:

1. When does tooth decay begin?

2. How can our teeth be decayed? Speak about the process.

3. What can an untreated tooth decay lead to?

4. What can help to stop the process of destruction?

5. How does fluoride interfere with the process of tooth decay?

6. What are new ideas of fluoride influence on teeth?

7. What is the goal of dental health now focused on?

8. What may be the recommendations of fluoride use in future?

Exercise 7. Find English equivalents to the following word combinations and make 5 sentences of your own:

Привести до, супроводжуватися, більш стійкий, корисний, наскільки можливо, сприяти укріпленню зубної емалі, перетворюватись, шкідливий для здоров’я, одного разу було відзначено, безпосередній контакт.

Exercise 8. Choose the proper continuation of the following sentences:

1. Having entered the mouth, sugars destroy ______________________

2. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth ________________

3. Fluoride prevents cavities from ___________________

4. The tooth enamel becomes more resistant to acid attack if ______________

5. But new findings of fluoride influence have shown that ______________

6. In future dentists will probable recommend only _______________

7. The emphasis in dental health is now focussed on __________________

8. __________________ remain the cornerstones of tooth decay prevention.

Exercise 9. Rewrite the following sentences using Passive Voice and translate them:

1. The use of fluoride has reduced the plaque bacteria to produce acid.

2. A council of doctors will discuss the results of this patient’s analyses.

3. You should take this drug twice a day.

4. Fluoride can prevent cavity formation.

5.Fluoride promotes stronger tooth enamel and helping to rebuild it when it breaks down.

6. Sugars destroy the enamel surface.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets putting the verbs in Passive Voice. Translate the sentences.

1. To prevent dental diseases, children teeth (фторувати) at a very young age.

2. She (непокоїть) with a whooping cough for a month, but now everything is already OK.

3. Penicillin (вживати) for curing many diseases, which at old times couldn’t (лікувати).

4. Before the operation, a patient (давати) a general anesthesia.

5. How does the patient with pulpitis feel? - He (видалити) his tooth two days ago and the abscess has already subsided.

6. If the pulp (запалена) or dead the treatment is by extraction.

7. High fluoride intake (супроводжується) with destruction of tooth enamel.

8. The recovering patient (виписати) from the hospital in a week.

Exercise 11. Tell in details about:

The process of tooth decay

Dentists’ proposition about prevention of tooth destruction

Myths about benefits of teeth fluoridation

New approach of protecting teeth

TEST

1. The child got infected to the mumps and … antibiotics

1. prescribes b) is prescribed

c) was prescribed d) prescribed e) would prescribe

2. A man with an injured leg already … an X-ray.

1. was made b) have been made

c) is made d) has been made e) is done

3. Dr. Ford … in a car crash while he … to his office. Fortunately he … unharmed.

1. Injured a) drives a) was found

2. have been injured b) was driving b) is found

3. was injured c) drove c) found

4. has been injured d) have been driving d) have been found

5. is injured e) is driving e) founded

4. Being examined by a council of doctors, he … 6 months to live.

1. was forecasted b) forecasted c ) has been forecasted

d) is forecasted e) is forecasting

5. …… can be proposed to stop the process of tooth destruction.

a) scalling b) gingivectomy c) teeth fluoridation d) brushing e) drilling

6. Sugar destroys ..... that results in ......

a) the pulp a) caries

b) teeth surface b) pulpitis

c) dentin c) osteoma

d) cementum d) cavity forming

e) enamel e) gingivitis

7. The process when minerals are lost from a tooth's enamel layer when acids - formed from plaque bacteria and sugars in the mouth - attack the enamel is called ....

a) mineralisation b) remineralisation c) demineralization

d) semi-mineralisation e) poli-mineralisation

8. Fluoride is safe and effective when used as directed but can be hazardous at high doses (the "toxic" dosage level varies based on ...... ).

1. teeth condition b) patient’s weight c) patient’s age

d) hereditary factor e) patient’s lifestyle

9. A child can’t clean his teeth …. assistance.

1. with b) of c) without d) in e) by

10. Continuous haemorrhage causes decrease …. red blood cell count.

a) of b) in c) with d) on e) at

11. Local aneasthetics may be divided … two groups according … their action.

a) to b) on c) in d) into e) by

a) to b) on c) in d) by e) of