8. First steps in oral surgery - (хірургія ротової порожнини)

PART I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

denture ['dent∫ə]

orthopedics [oθə'pediks]

trauma [tro:mə]

replant [ri'pla:nt]

generally ['dʒenərəli]

luxated [lΛk'seitid]

osteomyelitis [ostiəumaiə'laitis]

Exercise 2. Learn the following words:

branch галузь

trauma травма

denture протез

luxated рухливий

comminute роздроблений

totally повністю

replant пересадить

generally чаші за все

Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

ancient times; to be performed; surrounding tissues; drainage; in order to; comminuted; posterior teeth; at least.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text, translate it and find sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.

Oral Surgery

Oral surgery is the branch of dentistry concerned with the study of dental diseases, traumatic injuries and diseases of the teeth, jaws, oral tissues where surgical methods are used. Oral surgery is closely connected with¹ therapeutic dentistry, oral orthopedics, pediatric dentistry and a number of medical disciplines — therapy, surgery, radiology and others. Surgical operations on teeth and the oral cavity have been known since ancient times. Tooth extraction is the most commonly used dental operation. It is usually performed in the cases where conservative treatment is unsuccessful. It helps to stop the spread of the inflammatory process on the surrounding tissues and to avoid complications. Sometimes the tooth is extracted, it being the source of the infection as in acute osteomyelitis. In this case drainage should be established as soon as possible. The patient should have good general care. In some cases when the tooth is far gone and can't be restored it is necessary to extract it as well. It is better to replace it by denture in order to have good esthetic results and function². Teeth maybe traumatized, the trauma being so severe that teeth become luxated, fractured, or even comminuted. In this case the prognosis may be unfavourable. A totally displaced tooth may be replanted but generally should be removed. The anterior teeth are more often fractured than the posterior ones. Extraction of a tooth is the last alternative in its treatment. One should always remember that the loss of a single tooth can give rise to caries and periodontal disease in at least³ three other teeth.

¹to be closely connected with — бути тісно пов'язаним з

²in order to have good esthetic results and function — з тим, аби отримати гарний зовнішній вигляд і відновити функціонування

³at least — принаймні

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Find English equivalents for the following word combinations in the text:

хірургічна стоматологія; травматичне пошкодження; поширення запалення; уникнути ускладнення; джерело інфекції; якнайскоріше; замінити на протез; реплантирувати; втрата одного зуба; послужити початком

Exercise 6. Sum up the text answering the following questions:

1. What is oral surgery?

2. What other dental branches is it connected with?

3. When is tooth extraction usually performed?

4. What is the objective of tooth extraction?

5. When is drainage established?

6. Why is it better sometimes to replace the tooth by denture?

7. What can happen if teeth are traumatized? ;

8. Why is extraction of a tooth the last alternative in its treatment?

Exercise 7. Find sentences with the Absolute Participle Construction.

Exercise 8. Insert prepositions where necessary:

The result of trauma of the jaws depends ... the fragility of the bones. It may produce periostitis, traumatic cyst or fracture.

Periostitis due ... trauma uncomplicated ... fracture is generally localized. It is frequently seen ... surgical operations as a postoperative complication or a facial injury.

The affected part ... the bone is extremely tender ... the touch. There is less or more swelling... the periosteum and overlying soft tissue. Rise ... temperature indicates infection. Cold applications ... the injured part generally are sufficient ... simple periostitis. If there is infection, drainage should be established.

Exercise 9. Give a summary of the text.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. Хірургічна стоматологія є розділом стоматології.

2. Вона вивчає хвороби і травми зубів, щелеп, тканин порожнини рота, обличчя і шиї.

3. Хірургічна стоматологія використовує методи діагностики і лікування, вживані як в стоматології, так і в інших розділах загальної патології.

4. Багато досягнень теоретичних розділів біології і медицини використовуються і в хірургічній стоматології.

5. Хірургічні операції і маніпуляції на зубах, в порожнині рота, обличчя і шиї були відомі в глибокій старовині.

6. Багато століть хірургія зубів розвивалася повільно, оскільки була в руках цирульників і знахарів. До 1840 р. стоматологи не мали спеціальної освіти.

7. У цей період було опубліковано перше керівництво по стоматології, яке включало зуболікарську хірургію. У Франції були сконструйовані інструменти для видалення зубів.

8. Видалення зуба - це останній етап в лікуванні.

9. У тих випадках, коли зуб неможливо відновити, і він може стати джерелом інфікування, його слід видалити.

10. Видаляти зуби у дітей слід дуже обережно через наявність в щелепі зачатків постійних зубів.

11. Зуб можна зламати, хоча він покритий найтвердішою тканиною організму - емаллю.

Exercise 11. Speak on the following topics:

1. Tooth Extraction is the Most Commonly Used Dental Operation

2. Oral Surgery as a Branch of Dentistry

PART II

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

immediate [i'm:djət]

sterilized ['sterilaizd]

smooth [smu:ð]

inserted ['insətid]

chamber ['t∫eimbə]

absorbent [əb'so:bənt]

dismissed [dis'mist]

essential [i'sen∫(ə)l]

procedure [prə'si:dʒə]

temporary ['temp(ə)rəri]

Exercise 2. Learn the following words:

sterilized простерилізований

dressing перев'язувальний матеріал

rubber dam гумова прокладка

a sealed container герметичний контейнер

a barbed broach загострений бор

reamers розширювач

smoothed згладжений

drilling свердління; просвердлення

access доступ

Exercise 3. Find the names of the endodontic instruments in the right column:

Mirror, probe and tweezers. 1. Дзеркало, зонд і пінцети

Local anesthetic equipment. 2. наконечник і бори

Rubber dam equipment З. пульпоэкстракторы, римеры, файли,

каналонаповнювачі

4. Handpiece and burs 4. місцева анестезія

5. Barbed broaches, root reamers 5. стерильні паперові голки і ватні

and files, spiral root, canal fillers валики

6. Sterile paper points and cotton wool 6. гутаперчеві або срібні штифти

та цемент

7. Drug for sterilizing root canal. 7. коффердам

8. Gutta-percha or silver points 8. ліки для стерильної

and cement обробки каналів

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Root Canal Filling

As the root canal must be sterilized before it is filled, all instruments and dressings must be sterile. A convenient arrangement is to keep a sealed container holding a complete sterilized root filling kit ready for immediate use at any time. Rubber is essential to prevent ingress of bacteria from the mouth into the root canal. Once the sterile instruments actually enter the infected root canal they are no longer sterile, and must be resterilized before being inserted again. Having made all preparations, the procedure is as follows:

1. A local anesthetic is given if the pulp is still vital.

2. Rubber dam is applied. The tooth and rubber dam are then swabbed with an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine.

3. Access to the pulp is gained by drilling open the pulp chamber.

4. The pulp is removed with a barbed broach.

5. The root canal is enlarged with root reamers. It is necessary to take an X-ray at this stage, with a root reamer in place, as a guide to correct preparation of the canal.

6. The walls of the root canal are smoothed and cleaned with root canal files.

7. Debris is removed by irrigation with mild antiseptics such as sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide.

8. The canal is then dried with absorbent paper points.

9. A drug to sterilize the root canal is introduced on a paper point.

10. The pulp chamber is then sealed off with a temporary filling and the patient is dismissed.

11. At the second visit the canal should be sterile. If not, the above procedure repeated as many times as necessary until it is sterile.

12. Once the root canal is sterile it is ready for filling. The paper point containing the sterilizing drug is removed with a barbed broach. The canal is washed with water and thoroughly dried with points.

13. An X-ray is taken to check that the root filling completely fills the canal.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 5. Find in the text English equivalents for the following word combinations:

інструменти та пов'язки; гумова прокладка; тимчасове заповнення; герметичний контейнер; загострений бор; зручне розташування; безпосереднє використання; аби запобігти входу бактерій; містячи стерилізуючий наркотик; що пригладжений та почищений; повністю сушиться з; заражений кореневий канал; місцевий анестезуючий засіб.

Exercise 6. Make up 10 questions to the text.

Exercise 7. Translate into English.

1. Усі інструменти та перев'язувальний матеріал мають бути стерилізовані перед пломбуванням.

2. Кожен стоматолог мае мати герметичний контейнер, що містить повний стерилізований комплект інструментів для безпосереднього використання у будь-який час.

3. Як тільки стерилізовані інструменти вводять в заражений кореневий канал, вони більше не є стерилізовані, і мають бути повторно стерилізовані перед наступним введенням. 4. Кореневий канал збільшується за допомогою кореневого розширювача. 5. Рентгенівський знімок роблять, аби перевірити, що коренева пломба цілком заповнює канал.

Exercise 8. Find all “Passive” forms in the text and explain the tense.

Exercise 9. Make up dialogues on the following situations:

1. At the Dentist’s. 2) At the Surgeon’s.

Exercise 10. Give summary of the text.

TEST

1. Oral surgery is the branch of dentistry concerned with the study of … where surgical methods are used.

a) dental diseases b) traumatic injuries c) diseases of the jaws

d) diseases of the teeth e) diseases of the oral tissues

2. Oral surgery is closely connected with therapeutic … and a number of medical disciplines — therapy, surgery, radiology and others.

a) pediatric dentistry b) therapeutic dentistry c) anatomy

d) oral orthopedics e) oral surgery

3. … is the most commonly used dental operation.

a) dental prosthetics b) tooth correction c) tooth extraction

d) filling e) bleaching

4. It helps to stop the spread of the inflammatory process on the … and to avoid complications.

a) gingival graft b) healthy gums c) swollen gum

d) surrounding tissues e) affected teeth

5. Teeth maybe traumatized, the trauma being so severe that teeth become … .

a) crooked b) luxated c) comminuted d) fractured e) affected

6. The anterior teeth are more often … than the posterior ones.

a) protruded b) crooked c) drifted d) fractured e) destroyed

7. One should always remember that the loss of a single tooth can give rise to … .

a) acute osteomyelitis b) caries c) malocclusion

d) periodontal disease in at least three other teeth e) acute gingivitis

8. As the root canal must be sterilized before it is filled, all instruments and dressings must be … .

a) clean b) dry c) new d) sticky e) sterile

9. … is essential to prevent ingress of bacteria from the mouth into the root canal.

a) paper point b) rubber c) suction d) film e) cotton wools

10. A local anesthetic is given if the … is still vital.

a) tooth b) gum c) canal d) pocket e) pulp

11. The tooth and rubber dam are then swabbed with an antiseptic such as … .

a) alcohol b) chlorhexidine c) boric acid d) hydrogen peroxide

e) sodium chloride

12. The pulp is removed with a … .

a) scalpel b) sterile paper points c) bur d) barbed broach e) tweezers

13. The root canal is enlarged with root … .

a) rasps b) barbed broaches c) reamers d) tweezers e) forceps

14. It is necessary to take an X-ray at this stage, with a root reamer in place, as a guide to correct preparation of the … .

a) canal b) pulp c) graft d) pocket e) fissure

15. The walls of the root canal are smoothed and … with root canal files.

a) washed b) dried c) cleaned d) sterilized e) brushed

16. Debris is removed by irrigation with mild antiseptics such as … .

a) sodium bicarbonate b) sodium hypochlorite c) carbamide peroxide

d) hydrogen peroxide e) calcium hypochlorite

17. The … is then dried with absorbent paper points.

a) pocket b) tooth c) pulp d) root e) canal

18. The pulp chamber is then sealed … with a temporary filling and the patient is dismissed.

a) off b) out c) in d) at e) on

19. Once the root canal is sterile it is ready for … .

a) denture b) filling c) scaling d) removal e) restoration

20. An X-ray is taken to check that the root filling … fills the canal.

a) temporarily b) permanently c) partially d) safely

e) completely