III. Do the following assignment

Ex. 1. Point out all the adverbial clauses and state of what kind they are.

1. The London train came just as he reached the station.

2. He knew that the arrival of letters for him was impossible, since nobody knew his address. Bushes and trees loomed at us, as we took another turn at the bottom of the garden.

3. He received me exactly as if not five minutes had elapsed since we were last together.

4. Although the sun had set, the heat hung heavy in the narrow street.

5. He laughed joyfully as though a weight had been lifted from him.

6. When she woke early on Sunday morning, the world sparkled as though it had been newly born. 6. Hardly had I reached the station, when the rain began.

7. From where he sat he could see a cluster of apple-trees in blossom.

8. They had built their home high up in the White Mountains, where the wind blows violently all year long.

9. The place was so delightful that we stayed there all summer.

10. The summer night was hot, so hot and still, that through every open window came in but hotter air.

Ex. 2. Complete the following using adverbial clauses of:

a) time

1. I shall not leave before ... 2. We shall let you know as soon as ... 3. They had to stay there untiL .. 4. It had been raining since ... 5. What are you going to do after ...

2. place

1. We met where ... 2. They made a camp fire where ... 3. Let us stop for the night where ... 4. We came up to where ...

3. cause

1. I have no reason to put blame on you because ... 2. Since ... I shall not bother you any longer. 3. Seeing that ... she dared not speak to you.

d) purpose

1. Write down my telephone number so that ... 2. Make haste lest ... 3. You should dress the wound lest. .. 4. The boxes were wrapped in waterproof paper in order that ...

5. result

1. The night was so dark that ... 2. He laughed so merrily that... 3. The children were making such a noise that … 4. The fruit looked so tempting that ... 5. He was such a gloomy man that ...

6. concession

1. Although ... we shall come in time. 2. No matter how ... we shall cope with the task. 3. Whatever ... I don't believe him. 4. Whoever ... he has no right to speak like that. 5. Dark as ... we found the house without difficulty.

7. comparison

1. She looked very excited as if ... 2. The weather was not so cold as ... 3. He knew the place as though ... 4. She loved the child as though ... 5. The more ... the better …

Seminar 4 The Complex Sentence Attributive Clauses in English

I. Questions for discussion.

4. Peculiar features of attributive clauses in English.

5. Types of attributive clauses:

a) attributive limiting (restrictive) clauses;

b) attributive descriptive (non-restrictive) clauses.

II. The material to be read for the seminar

Attributive clauses serve as an attribute to some noun or pronoun in the principal clause which is called an antecedent. Attributive clauses are introduced by the connectives who, whose, whom, what, which, that, as, when, where. The choice of the conjunctive depends on the categorical meaning of the antecedent: 1. A quick light step approached the room in which I was. (Dickens) 2. He was under the impression that an attempt was going to be made to convict him. (Dreiser) 3. Then she came to New York where she remained two years. (Dreiser) Depending on the degree of connection and the relation they bear to the antecedent attributive clauses can be subdivided into limiting (restrictive) and descriptive (non-restrictive).

Limiting attributive clauses limit and define more clearly the antecedent. They can’t be removed without destroying the meaning of the antecedent. A limiting attributive clause is not separated by a comma from the principal clause because of its close connection with it. Such clauses are introduced by the connectives that, who, which, whose, where, when or asyndetically: 1. She had no idea where she was going. (Murdoch) 2. There were times when I wanted to stop the car ant tell him to get out. (Maltz) 3. The things her father said seemed meaningless and neutral. (Lawrence)

In a complex sentence with a limiting attributive clause the connective (the relative pronoun) may be omitted. Such clauses are called contact clauses. In such cases the two parts of the sentence are more closely joined together than when the relative pronouns are used. There is never a pause before limiting contact clauses, the intonation of the whole complex also shows unity and is different from that of two independent sentences: 1. She seemed to play the things he liked best… (Galsworthy) 2. Is there anything I can do for you? 3. The man I am writing about is not famous. (Maugham). Generally we have contact clauses when the connective (relative pronoun) could be the object of its clause.

Descriptive attributive clauses give some additional information about the antecedent. they may be omitted without affecting the precise understanding of the sentence as a whole. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive clause is loose, attributive descriptive clauses are often separated by a comma. They are introduced by the connectives who, which, where, when, that. They can’t be joined asyndetically: 1. All things shone softly in the sun, which was wonderfully warm. 2. Emily, who thought she knew him well, was alarmed. (Galsworthy) 3. He reached up and pulled a red rose from a cluster, which blocked the window. (Galsworthy) 4. Miss Naylor, who had gone into the house, came back. (Galsworthy)

A subdivision of descriptive clauses is continuative clauses whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. A continuative clause is introduced be the relative pronoun which rendered in Ukrainian be the pronoun “що”. Continuative clauses are always separated from the principal clause by a comma: 1. He visited his parents who lived in a village, on Fridays, which was very convenient, as he was not busy on this day. 2. His daughter, a student of a theatrical school, made a great impression on everybody who dealt with her, which was pleasant for him and made him feel happy. 3. Mr. Brown got in touch with the company very quickly, which was very important for him, since he wanted to sign an agreement on cooperation and to go on a business trip to London. Descriptive clauses are generally placed immediately after the antecedent, while continuative clauses may stand at some distance.