АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Сборник текстов и упражнений

для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы

студентов направления подготовки 250400.62

очной и заочной форм обучения

Йошкар-Ола

2013

УДК 811.111:378.09:630.3

ББК 81.432.1я7

Р 69

Рецензент: канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры

Иностранных языков ПГТУ Филипчук О. В.

Печатается по решению

редакционно-издательского совета ПГТУ

Р 69 Английский язык: сборник текстов и упражнений

для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов направления подготовки 250400.62 очной и заочной форм обучения / сост. М. М. Романова, Л. А. Свидерская. – Йошкар-Ола: Поволжский государственный технологический университет, 2013. – 157 с.

Цель сборника – научить студентов понимать и извлекать информацию из текстов по специальности и помочь в усвоении профессионально-ориентированной лексики.

Для студентов направления подготовки 250400.62.

УДК 811.111:378.09:630.3

ББК 81.432.1я7

© Поволжский государственный

технологический университет, 2013

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

I. Материалы для аудиторной работы……………………...4

Unit I. Characteristics and availability of commercially

important woods……………………………………....4

Unit II. Structure of wood…………………………………....12

Unit III. Wood harvesting…………………………………....19

Unit IV. Machines used in wood harvesting………………....28

Unit V. Sawmill technology ………………………………...36

Unit VI. Sawn wood products…………………………….....45

Unit VII. Lumber grading…………………………………....54

Unit VIII. Woodworking tools and equipment……………....60

Unit IX. Furniture designing………………………………...67

Unit X. Furniture………………………………………….....73

II. Материалы для самостоятельной работы……………...81

III. Контрольные работы……………………………….....116

IV. Приложения...................................................................128

Bibliography………………………………………………..155

I. Материалы для аудиторной работы

Unit I

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

unique, natural, decorative, material, component, constant, adequate, specific, location, factor, record, electricity, structural, musical, instrument, esthetic

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

CHARACTERISTICS AND AVAILABILITY OF

COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT WOODS

Throughout history, the unique characteristics and comparative abundance of wood have made it a natural material for homes and other structures, furniture, tools, vehicles, and decorative objects. Today, for the same reasons, wood is prized for a multitude of uses.

All wood is composed of cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, and minor amounts (5% to 10%) of extraneous materials contained in a cellular structure. Variations in the characteristics and volume of these components and differences in cellular structure make woods heavy or light, stiff or flexible, and hard or soft. The properties of a single species are relatively constant within limits; therefore, selection of wood by species alone may sometimes be adequate. However, to use wood to its best advantage and most effectively in engineering applications, specific characteristics or physical properties must be considered.

Historically, some species filled many purposes, while other less available or less desirable species served only one or two needs. For example, because white oak is tough, strong, and durable, it was highly prized for shipbuilding, bridges, cooperage, barn timbers, farm implements, railroad crossties, fence posts, and flooring. Woods such as black walnut and cherry were used primarily for furniture and cabinets. Hickory was manufactured into tough, hard, and resilient striking-tool handles, and black locust was prized for barn timbers.

What the early builder or craftsman learned by trial and error became the basis for deciding which species were appropriate for a given use in terms of their characteristics. It was commonly accepted that wood from trees grown in certain locations under certain conditions was stronger, more durable, more easily worked with tools, or finer grained than wood from trees in other locations. Modern research on wood has substantiated that location and growth conditions do significantly affect wood properties.

The gradual reduction in use of old-growth forests in the United States has reduced the supply of large clear logs for lumber and veneer. However, the importance of high-quality logs has diminished as new concepts of wood use have been introduced. Second-growth wood, the remaining old-growth forests, and imports continue to fill the needs for wood in the quality required. Wood is as valuable an engineering material as ever, and in many cases, technological advances have made it even more useful.

The inherent factors that keep wood in the forefront of raw materials are many and varied, but a chief attribute is its availability in many species, sizes, shapes, and conditions to suit almost every demand. Wood has a high ratio of strength to weight and a remarkable record for durability and performance as a structural material. Dry wood has good insulating properties against heat, sound, and electricity. It tends to absorb and dissipate vibrations under some conditions of use, and yet it is an incomparable material for such musical instruments as the violin. The grain patterns and colours of wood make it an esthetically pleasing material, and its appearance may be easily enhanced by stains, varnishes, lacquers, and other finishes. It is easily shaped with tools and fastened with adhesives, nails, screws, bolts, and dowels. Damaged wood is easily repaired, and wood structures are easily remodeled or altered. In addition, wood resists oxidation, acid, saltwater, and other corrosive agents, has high salvage value, has good shock resistance, can be treated with preservatives and fire retardants, and can be combined with almost any other material for both functional and esthetic uses.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

wood	древесина
cellulose	целлюлоза
lignin	лигнин
species	вид, род, порода
cooperage	бондарное ремесло
barn	амбар, сарай
timber	строевой лес
farm implement	сельскохозяйственное орудие
railroad crossties	ж/д шпалы
fence post	столб для изгороди
flooring	настил, пол
old-growth forest	перестойный лес
clear log	обработанное бревно
lumber	пиломатериал
second-growth wood	вторичный лес
grain pattern	зернистая структура, текстура
stain	краска, морилка
varnish	лак
lacquer	лак, политура
finish	доводка, шлифование
shape	придавать форму
fastened	скрепленный
adhesive	клеящий материал
dowel	шпонка, болт
remodel	реконструировать
altered	измененный, переработанный
salvage	поврежденный лес
preservative	консервирующий состав
fire retardant	антипирен

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

durable, volume, property, tough, furniture, valuable, resilient, ratio, nails, screw, commonly, incomparable, damaged, esthetic

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

application(v), selection(v), available(n), serve(n), builder(v), consider(n), desirable(v), reduction(v), importance(adj), introduce(n), require(n), attribute(adj), remarkable (n), musical(n), insulating(v), appearance(v), performance(v), corrosive(n)

Задание II

A. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. enhance a) грецкий орех

2. violin b) объем, масса

3. appropriate c) преимущество

4. abundance d) скрипка

5. amount e) усиливать;

повышать (качество);

возрастать;

6. volume f) требовать

7. vehicle g) изобилие, избыток

8. flexible h) транспортное

средство

9. advantage i) рассеивать, разгонять

10. walnut j) величина, количество

11. dissipate k) подходящий,

соответствующий

12. demand l) гибкий, эластичный

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. be prized for a) посторонний

материал, примесь

2. fill purposes b) цениться за

3. by trial and error c) высокий коэффициент

4. raw material d) внутренние факторы

5. shock resistance e) дуб белый

6. inherent factors g) сырье

7. high ratio h) с точки зрения

8. commonly accepted i) методом проб и

ошибок

9. black locust j) иметь целью

10. in terms of k) лжеакация

11. white oak l) общепринятый

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

larches, veneers, converted, density, tools

1. It is made by bonding together a number of thin ____ of softwood or hardwood – or a combination of each.

2. When laying out the arrangement of the machines and _____ in your shop, pay special attention to lighting.

3. Some softwoods, such as ____ and baldcypress, lose their needles during autumn or winter.

4. Practically all eastern white pine is ____ into lumber.

5. The wood is difficult to work with hand and machine tools because of its high ____ and irregular grain.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени

B. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и переведите их

C. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в страдательном залоге, укажите время

D. Выпишите из текста предложные конструкции с предлогом “of” и переведите их на русский язык

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Why is the use of wood widespread throughout history?

2. What is the composition of wood?

3. What purposes did wood fill for centuries?

4. What factors do significantly affect wood properties?

5. Why has the importance of high-quality logs diminished nowadays?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. In addition to well-known products, such as, furniture and tools, wood is also used for producing ____.

2. It is appropriate to use wood by ____.

3. Location and growth conditions influence greatly ____.

4. The main factor that keeps wood in the forefront of raw materials is ____.

5. The appearance of wood may be changed by the application of ____.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Wood has been used for centuries for homes and other structures.

2. Studies on wood have shown that location and growth conditions do not affect wood properties.

3. Lignin is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood.

4. Because white oak is extremely hard, resistant to rot and durable, it is prized for shipbuilding and bridges.

5. The properties of a single species are different; therefore, selection of wood by species alone is impossible.

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод абзаца текста, начинающегося фрагментом

The inherent factors that keep wood in the forefront of raw materials are many and varied…

Unit II

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

parallel, located, initial, horizontally, oriented, radial, centimeters, microscope, climate, actual, season, condition, transition, physical, proportion, method

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

STRUCTURE OF WOOD

Wood is primarily composed of hollow, elongate cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree. When lumber and other products are cut from the tree, the characteristics of these fibrous cells and their arrangement affect such properties as strength and shrinkage as well as the grain pattern of the wood.

A cross section of a tree shows the following well-defined features (from outside to centre): bark, which may be divided into an outer corky dead part (A) and an inner thin living part (B), which carries food from the leaves to growing parts of the tree; wood, which in merchantable trees of most species is clearly differentiated into sapwood (D) and heartwood (E); and pith (F), a small core of tissue located at the centre of tree stems, branches, and twigs about which initial wood growth takes place. Sapwood contains both living and dead tissue and carries sap from the roots to the leaves. Heartwood is formed by a gradual change in the sapwood and is inactive. The wood rays (G), horizontally oriented tissue through the radial plane of the tree, vary in size from one cell wide and a few cells high to more than 15 cells wide and several centimeters high. The rays connect various layers from pith to bark for storage and transfer of food. The cambium layer (C), which is inside the inner bark and forms wood and bark cells, can be seen only with a microscope.

In most species in temperate climates, the difference between wood that is formed early in a growing season and that formed later is sufficient to produce well-marked annual growth rings. The age of a tree at the stump or the age at any cross section of the trunk may be determined by counting these rings. The inner part of the growth ring formed first in the growing season is called earlywood and the outer part formed later in the growing season, latewood. Actual time of formation of these two parts of a ring may vary with environmental and weather conditions. Earlywood is characterized by cells with relatively large cavities and thin walls. Latewood cells have smaller cavities and thicker walls. The transition from earlywood to latewood may be gradual or abrupt, depending on the kind of wood and the growing conditions at the time it was formed.

Growth rings are most readily seen in species with sharp contrast between latewood formed in one year and earlywood formed in the following year, such as in the native ring-porous hardwoods ash and oak, and in softwoods like southern pines. In some other species, such as water tupelo, aspen, and sweet gum, differentiation of earlywood and latewood is slight and the annual growth rings are difficult to recognize. When growth rings are prominent, as in most softwoods and ring-porous hardwoods, earlywood differs markedly from latewood in physical properties. Earlywood is lighter in weight, softer, and weaker than latewood. Because of the greater density of latewood, the proportion of latewood is sometimes used to judge the strength of the wood. This method is useful with such species as the southern pines, Douglas-fir, and the ring-porous hardwoods (ash, hickory, and oak).

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

trunk	ствол (дерева)
fibrous cell	клетка волокна
shrinkage	усадка, сжатие
merchantable	пригодный для торговли; коммерчески выгодный
bark	кора
sapwood	заболонь
heartwood	ядровая древесина
pith	сердцевина
tissue	ткань
stem	ствол, стебель
branch	ветвь, ветка
twig	веточка, прут
sap	сок (древесный)
wood ray	древесный луч
growth ring	годичное кольцо, годичный слой
stump	пень
earlywood	весенний слой
latewood	поздняя древесина
cavity	полость (клетки)
hardwood	твердая древесина
softwood	мягкая древесина
density	плотность, удельный вес

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

elongate, arrangement, strength, corky, inactive, wide, connect, first, environmental, gradual, smaller, sharp, southern, useful

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

growth(v), difference(adj), dead(v), merchantable(n), formation(v), relatively(adj), recognize(n), strength(adj), storage(v), produce(n), determined(n), markedly(n,v)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. depend on a) внезапный; резкий

2. ash b) питание, корм

3. aspen c) особенность,

характерная черта;

признак

4. oak d) выпуклый, рельефный

5. abrupt e) ясень

6. hollow f) хрупкий, непрочный

7. feature g) дуб

8. food h) пустой, полый

9. slight i) осина

10. prominent j) зависеть, находиться в

зависимости

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. each other a) поперечное сечение,

профиль

2. as well as b) дугласовая пихта

(дугласия)

3. cross section c) ликвидамбар

смолоносный,

амбровое дерево

4. take place d) умеренный климат

5. gradual change e) нисса водная

6. weather conditions f) случаться,

происходить,

иметь место

7. water tupelo g) постепенное

изменение

8. sweet gum h) так же как, а также

9. Douglas-fir i) друг друга

10. temperate climate j) погодные условия

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

chemical, properties, characteristics, distributed, research, cells

1. Both softwood and hardwood products are ____ throughout the United States.

2. Wood ____ – the structural elements of wood tissue –are of various sizes and shapes and are quite firmly cemented together.

3. Many species of wood have unique physical, mechanical, or ____.

4. Current ____ is examining the potential of using lignin in the manufacture of wood adhesives.

5. General wood identification can often be made quickly on the basis of readily visible such ____ as colour, odor, density, presence of pitch, or grain pattern.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте предложение с предлогом “because of” и переведите его

B. Найдите в тексте предложение с союзом “as well as” и переведите его

C. Найдите в третьем и четвертом абзацах текста прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени. Переведите предложения с ними

D. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых использованы модальные глаголы, и укажите их значения. Переведите предложения

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What features does a cross section of a tree show?

2. What is the function of sapwood?

3. What is the function of wood rays?

4. How can you determine the age of a tree?

5. What are the differences between earlywood and latewood?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Sapwood is located between the cambium and ____.

2. Sapwood contains both living and dead cells and handles the transport of ____.

3. In general, heartwood consists of inactive ____.

4. An annual (growth) ring is composed of an inner earlywood zone and outer ____.

5. Most growth in thickness of bark and wood is caused by cell division in the ____.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых

противоречит содержанию текста

1. Cambium is located between the bark and sapwood.

2. New wood cells are formed on the outside of the cambium and new bark cells on the inside.

3. The majority of wood cells are considerably elongated and pointed at the ends.

4. The length of wood rays is always equal.

5. Dry wood cells may be empty or partly filled with deposits, such as gums and resins.

Задание V

Составьте схему «Структура древесины» в соответствии с содержанием текста и изобразите ее графически

Unit III

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

transport, term, synonymously, logistics, modern, business, product, industry, planet, construction, process, classification, method, sorting, operation, specify, assortment, potential, machinery, platform, lift, vertically

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

WOOD HARVESTING

Harvesting is the preparation of logs in a forest or tree plantation according to the requirements of a user, and delivery of logs to a consumer. It includes the cutting of trees, their conversion into logs, extraction and long distance transport to a consumer or processing plant. The terms “timber harvesting”, “wood harvesting” or “logging” are often used synonymously.

Logging is the felling, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks. In forestry, the term “logging” is sometimes used in a narrow sense concerning the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. Timber harvesting, the more modern term for logging, is the act of cutting down trees, removing them from the forest, and eventually processing them into consumer or business products. Logging is one of the major industries on the planet, as trees are used in everything from construction, to paper, to clothing, to garden supplies. There are many pieces of equipment used at every step in the timber harvesting process, and the equipment is constantly evolving to be more efficient, more versatile, and safer.

One common classification of harvesting methods is based on distinguishing between:

1. Tree-length logging. Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck.

2. Full-tree logging. Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing.

3. Cut-to-length logging. Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking and sorting (pulpwood, sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest.

While many different methods are used for wood harvesting, they all involve a similar sequence of logging operations:

· tree felling: severing a tree from the stump and bringing it down;

· topping and debranching (delimbing): cutting off the unusable tree crown and the branches;

· debarking: removing the bark from the stem; this operation is often done at the processing plant rather than in the forest; in fuelwood harvesting it is not done at all;

· extraction (skidding): moving the stems or logs from the stump to a place close to a forest road where they can be sorted, piled and often stored temporarily, awaiting long distance transport;

· log making/cross-cutting (bucking): cutting the stem to the length specified by the intended use of the log;

· scaling: determining the quantity of logs produced, usually by measuring volume (for small dimension timber also by weight; the latter is common for pulpwood; weighing is done at the processing plant in that case);

· sorting (grading), piling and temporary storage: logs are usually of variable dimensions and quality, and are therefore classified into assortments according to their potential use as pulpwood, sawlogs and so on, and piled until a full load, usually a truckload, has been assembled; the cleared area where these operations, as well as scaling and loading, take place is called a “landing”;

· loading: moving the logs onto the transport medium, typically a truck, and attaching the load.

These operations are not necessarily carried out in the above sequence. Depending on the forest type, the kind of product desired and the technology available, it may be more advantageous to carry out an operation either earlier (i.e., closer to the stump) or later (i.e., at the landing or even at the processing plant).

Felled logs are then generally transported to a sawmill to be cut into timber, a paper mill for paper pulp, or for other purposes like fence posts. When felled logs sit adjacent to a road, heavy machinery may simply lift logs onto trucks. Many methods exist to transport felled logs lying away from roads. Cable logging involves a yarder which pulls one or several logs along the ground to platform where a truck is waiting. When the terrain is too uneven to pull logs on the ground, a skyline can lift logs off the ground vertically, similar to a ski lift. Heavy-lift helicopters may be used when cable logging is not allowed due to environmental concerns or when roads are lacking. Helicopters are the most expensive form of log transport. Less mainstream forms of log transport, or methods used previously include horses, oxen, or balloon logging.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

harvesting	заготовка
conversion	обработка или переработка древесины
extraction	добывание, вывоз
logging	лесозаготовка
felling	рубка или валка леса
skidding	трелевка
processing	обработка
harvesting method	способ заготовки
tree-length logging	технология заготовки хлыстов
full-tree logging	технология заготовки и трелевки древесины целыми деревьями
cut-to-length logging	технология заготовки и трелевки древесины сортиментами
topping	срезание верхушки дерева
delimbing	обрубание сучьев
debarking	окорка
cross-cutting	поперечная распиловка
bucking	раскряжевка
scaling	обмер
sorting/grading	сортировка
piling	штабелевка
loading	погрузка
cable logging	тросовая трелевка
skyline	подвесная дорога для воздушной трелевки
balloon logging	аэростатная трелевка

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

preparation, requirement, removing, user, delivery, consumer, forestry, eventually, variable, equipment, debranching, constantly, unusable, advantageous, previously, uneven, necessarily

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

preparation(v), plantation(n,v), requirement(v), delivery(v), consumer(v), conversion(v), transport(n), eventually(n,adj), construction(v), different(v), involve(n), weight(v), storage (v), variable(v), attach(n), depend(n), advantageous (n), environmental(n)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. truck a) лошадь

2. narrow b) эффективный

3. stump c) крона

4. versatile d) отрезать

5. efficient e) грузовик

6. limb f) узкий

7. intact g) вол

8. sever h) нетронутый, целый

9. crown i) сук, ветвь

10. ox j) подвижный

11. horse k) пень

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. tree plantation a) временное хранение

2. processing plant b) тяжелая техника

3. lumber yard c) лесоматериал небольших

размеров

4. garden supplies d) лесозаготовительные

операции

5. paper mill e) бумажная масса,

целлюлоза

6. stump area f) перерабатывающий

завод

7. unusable tree crown g) бумажная фабрика

8. fuelwood harvesting h) лесная дорога

9. forest road i) древесное насаждение

10. small dimension j) транспортное средство

timber

11. temporary storage k) забота об окружающей

среде

12. cleared area l) склад лесоматериалов

13. transport medium m) садово-огородный

инвентарь

14. paper pulp n) подъёмная установка

15. fence post o) лесосека со сплошной

рубкой

16. heavy machinery p) непригодная крона

деревьев

17. ski lift q) столб ограждения

18. logging operations r) вырубленная лесосека

19. environmental concern s) заготовка топливной

древесины

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

yarder, logging, sawmill, helicopters, equipment

1. There are many pieces of _____ used at every step in the timber harvesting process.

2. Felled logs are then generally transported to a ______ to be cut into timber.

3. ______ is the act of cutting down trees, removing them from the forest, and eventually processing them into consumer or business products.

4. ______ are the most expensive form of log transport.

5. Cable logging involves a ______ which pulls one or several logs along the ground to platform where a truck is waiting.

Задание III

A. Найдите в тексте предложение с союзом “rather than” и переведите его

B. Найдите в тексте примеры использования инфинитива, укажите его функции и переведите предложения

C. Найдите в тексте герундий, укажите его функции в предложениях; предложения переведите

D. Найдите в тексте случаи употребления причастий, укажите их форму и функции в предложениях

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is harvesting? What synonyms for “wood harvesting” do you know?

2. What does timber harvesting or logging include?

3. What harvesting methods can be distinguished?

4. What does a usual sequence of logging operations consist of?

5. Are there any other methods existing for transportation of felled logs lying away from roads?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Timber harvesting includes ______.

2. Trees are used in everything ______ .

3. Different methods used for wood harvesting involve _______.

4. Felled logs are generally transported to ________.

5. Heavy-lift helicopters may be used ________.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых

противоречит содержанию текста

1. Timber harvesting is an old term for logging.

2. Logging is one of the major industries on the planet.

3. One common classification of harvesting methods is based on distinguishing between full-tree logging, tree felling and log making.

4. Felled logs are always delivered to the consumer.

5. Helicopters are the cheapest form of log transport.

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод абзаца текста, начинающегося предложением

While many different methods are used for wood harvesting, they all involve a similar sequence of logging operations…

Unit IV

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

machine, technique, module, manipulator, productivity, complex, basis, traditional, technology, version, maximum, excavator, bulldozer, problem, operator, extensive, function

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

MACHINES USED IN WOOD HARVESTING

Harvesting wood is a lot of work. It requires many pieces of heavy equipment. The machines used to harvest wood have evolved over the years. Today, many pieces of heavy machinery are used to make harvesting wood easier.

In Europe, the most popular technique is a so-called Scandinavian logging method (developed in Sweden and Finland). It is based on the cut-to-length logging and involves extensive use of powerful logging equipment — harvesters and forwarders.

Harvesters (from the English word harvester — reaper, crop gatherer) are multifunctional logging machines intended to perform a large number of operations: fell trees, trim branches, and crosscut and bundle logs during clearcutting and selective cutting, as well as improvement felling.

Forwarders (from the English word “forwarder” — carrier, forwarding agent) are self-loading machines for cut-to-length skidding. The technological purpose of these machines includes subgrading, cut-to-length shipment from logging sites to a wood track or a warehouse and cut-to-length piling. A forwarder consists of a loading module — a manipulator — and a cargo module — a cart. A forwarder's average productivity, when working after a harvester, is 12 c.m. per hour. One complex including a harvester and a forwarder can substitute around 80 people working at a cutting area on the basis of a traditional technology.

In the past, loggers needed to manually chop a tree down, predicting where that tree is likely to fall. A feller buncher does all of this work for the logger instead. This piece of heavy equipment has a deck that holds the tree in place for a more controlled fall. A feller buncher also has a saw on it that cuts through the tree while the deck holds it. The tree can then be gently placed on the ground for another machine to take it away.

A skidder is a piece of heavy machinery that pulls cut trees out of a forest, and it, too, has evolved since its early days. Almost all versions of the skidder today have heavy duty tires or tracks and can move a larger amount of trees more quickly than previous versions. Today, there are generally two types of commonly-used skidders: cable skidders and grapple skidders.

A yarder is a piece of heavy equipment for moving logs around a logging site, bringing them to a stage or landing so they can be loaded onto vehicles for transport to a processing facility.

Log loaders are used at the landing to pick up trees that have been skidded from the forest. They process the trees through the delimber (processor) and slasher and load the finished product on log truck to be transported to the mill.

At the harvesting site shovel loggers are used between the feller-bunchers and the skidders. In wet, soft and soggy ground these track machines use the logs felled by the feller -buncher to make a travelling mat for the skidders and arrange bunches for maximum skidder production.

Once the landing is cleared by the feller buncher, the excavator and bulldozer will arrive to build the access road, stump and smooth the landing. In some woodland areas, brush can be a problem, especially when using heavy equipment. Brush cutters are machines that clear brush quickly and efficiently, making a path for larger equipment.

The new equipment allows to significantly enhance efficiency, reduce logging costs and improve the operators’ and workers’ working conditions and safety.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

Scandinavian logging method	скандинавская технология  лесозаготовки
harvester	харвестер, лесозаготовительный комбайн
forwarder	форвардер
multifunctional logging machine	многооперационая  лесозаготовительная машина
clearcutting	сплошная рубка
selective cutting	выборочная рубка
improvement felling	улучшающая выборочная рубка
wood track	лесовозная дорога; трелевочный волок
logging site	лесосека
chop	отрезать
feller buncher	валочно-пакетирующая машина
logger	лесозаготовитель, лесоруб
saw	пила
skidder	скиддер, трелевочный механизм
cable skidder	канатный трелевочный трактор
grapple skidder	трелевочный трактор с пачковым захватом
yarder	трелевочная лебедка
landing	погрузочная площадка
vehicle	трактор; транспортное средство
log loader	лесопогрузчик
delimber	сучкорезная машина
processor	процессор; сучкорезно-раскряжевочная машина
slasher	слешер (раскряжевочная установка)
log truck	лесовозный автомобиль
shovel logger	совковая лесозаготовительная машина
woodland areas	лесные угодья
brush cutter	кусторез

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

powerful, reaper, improvement, carrier, subgrading, shipment, manually, efficiency, likely, gently, safety, significantly, quickly

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

reaper (v), intend (n), perform (n), powerful (n), carrier (v), agent (n), improvement (v), shipment (n), gently (adj), significantly (adj), efficiency(adj), safety(adj), evolve(n), popular (n), develop(n), predict(n), facility(v), reduce (n),

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. perform a) связка

2. bundle b) гладкий, ровный

3. trim c) тележка

4. warehouse d) сырой

5. cargo e) средний

6. cart f) панель; площадка

7. average g) выполнять

8. substitute h) укладывать,

упаковывать

9. deck i) груз

10. soggy j) подрезать

11. bunch k) склад

12. smooth l) замещать

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. crop gatherer a) лесосека

2. forwarding agent b) модуль загрузки

3. self-loading machines c) грузовая шина для

тяжелых условий

работы

4. cut-to-length piling d) подвижная

подставка

5. loading module e) самозагружа-

ющийся трактор

6. cargo module  f) штабелевка

сортиментов

7. average productivity g) ветка лесовозной

дороги

8. cutting area h) автопогрузчик

9. heavy duty tires i) уборочная машина

10. travelling mat j) средняя произ-

водительность

11. access road k) грузовой отсек

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

productivity, landing, brush, saw, machinery

1. A skidder is a piece of heavy _____ that pulls cut trees out of a forest.

2. A feller buncher also has a _____ on it that cuts through the tree while the deck holds it.

3. A forwarder's average _______, when working after a harvester, is 12 c.m. per hour.

4. Log loaders are used at the _______ to pick up trees that have been skidded from the forest.

5. In some woodland areas _______ can be a problem.

Задание III

A. Найдите в тексте предложение с наречием “likely” и переведите его

B. Найдите в тексте предложения с модальным глаголом“can” и переведите их

C. Найдите в тексте примеры использования неличных форм глагола, укажите их функции и переведите предложения

D. Определите время, вид и залог сказуемых в следующих предложениях

1. The machines used to harvest wood have evolved over the years.

2. In the past, loggers needed to manually chop a tree down.

3. The tree is then gently placed on the ground for another machine to take it away.

4. A skidder has also evolved since its early days.

5. Once the landing is cleared by the feller buncher, the excavator and bulldozer will arrive to build the access road, stump and smooth the landing.

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Why is heavy machinery used in timber harvesting?

2. What is the most popular wood harvesting technique used in Europe?

3. What are harvesters and forwarders intended for?

4. What machine can substitute around 80 people working at a cutting area?

5. What machine can perform all the work done by the logger?

6. What do all versions of the skidder have?

7. What operations are the yarder and log loader intended to perform?

8. Where are shovel loggers used?

9. When do the excavator and bulldozer appear at the harvesting site?

10. What can be a problem in woodland areas?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Harvesting wood requires _______.

2. A so-called Scandinavian logging method is based on _______ and involves _______.

3. Multifunctional logging machines are intended to _______. 

4. A forwarder consists of a ______ and a _______.

5. There are generally two types of commonly-used skidders: ______ and _______.

6. When the landing is cleared by the feller buncher, ________.

7. Brush cutters are machines that _______.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых

противоречит содержанию текста

1. Harvesters are logging machines intended to pull cut trees out of a forest.

2. The technological purpose of forwarders includes subgrading, cut-to-length skidding and cut-to-length piling.

3. A feller buncher is a piece of heavy equipment used for moving logs around a logging site.

4. Log loaders process the trees through the processor and slasher.

5. Shovel loggers are used in dry and hard ground.

Задание V

Напишите развернутый план пересказа текста

Unit V

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

central, electricity, automated, system, computer, design, crane, section, generate, fabricate, personal, professional, model, function, specialty, accuracy, production, portable

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

SAWMILL TECHNOLOGY

A sawmill is a facility which processes raw timber into dimensional lumber for shipping and eventual sale. A sawmill’s basic operation is much like those of hundreds of years ago: a log enters on one end and dimensional lumber exits on the other end.

Prior to the development of the sawmill, people harvested timber and cut the resulting logs into planks by hand, an often painstaking process. Sawmills centralized timber processing in the 1600s, allowing a high volume of timber to be processed at a central location, which was initially powered by water and later by steam and electricity. Modern high-volume sawmills are dramatically different from 17th century sawmills, with highly automated systems which rely heavily on computers.

A sawmill may be equipped with planing, molding, tenoning, and other machines for finishing processes. The biggest mills are usually situated where timber can be brought by river or rail, and the design of the mill is affected by the mode of transportation. Waterborne logs float into the mill and are dragged out in turn by a winch. More space is necessary for storage in the rail-borne system; an overhead crane serves the stockyard and carries the logs to the machines.

Before being processed, lumber must be graded and sorted. Sometimes this is done on the site of a timber harvest, and at other times grading is handled at the sawmill itself. After grading, logs are debarked and then run through the head saw, also known as the primary rig. The head saw roughly splits the lumber into boards, which are finished with trimming, drying, and planing to ensure that they are evenly cut pieces of lumber. Once the lumber has fully dried, it can be packaged for shipping or stored on-site at the sawmill until there is a demand for it.

Cutting can be performed on various large machines such as reciprocating saws, band saws, or circular saws which cut the log into various thicknesses as it moves past the saw on a feeder table. The log frame is a machine with a set of vertically reciprocating blades, suitably spaced; it divides a log into boards at one pass of the table. The number of blades employed may be as few as 4 for cutting thick pieces or as many as 50 for thin boards. Resawing machines handle material partly broken up, such as flitches (longitudinal sections of log) and deals (boards).

Waste products like sawdust and woodchips may be pulped for papermaking, or burned to generate power; substantial quantities of these materials are now fabricated into particleboard and chipboard.

An entire workforce operates the mills that turn fresh trees into saleable lumber for the timber industry. This includes processors at the mills, mill operators, and support staff. Mill operations can be surprisingly dangerous, and so pay can be quite good, although the dangers have been reduced in recent years by a wave of technological advancements in the area of mill safety. Different sized mills may have different job requirements, with people needed to mill enormous redwoods into long lengths of lumber all the way down to those feeding excess wood into chippers or pulpers to make supplies for gardening or the paper industry.

The latest trend is the small portable sawmill for personal or semi professional use. Many different models have emerged with different designs and functions. They are especially suitable for producing limited volumes of boards, or specialty milling such as oversized timber. Portable mills can be trailered and set up on site, next to the trees being cut. The portable mills can cut lumber with speed and accuracy, though the subsequent steps of planing and drying must still be performed to produce finished lumber. Commodity lumber in standard sizes can be made this way. The more common use, however, is in the production of specialty timber products not readily available through lumber yards.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

sawmill	лесопилка, лесопильный завод
plank	доска
planing machine	строгальный станок
molding machine	строгально-калевочный станок
tenoning machine	шипорезный станок
winch	лебедка
stockyard	склад
primary rig	первичное оборудование
drying	сушка; усушка древесины
reciprocating saw	ножовочный станок
band saw	ленточнопильный станок
circular saw	циркулярная пила; круглопильный станок
log frame	лесопильная рама
blade	лезвие; режущее полотно
resawing machine	делительная пила
waste products	отходы производства
sawdust	древесные опилки
woodchip	щепа
papermaking	производство бумаги
particleboard	ДСП, древесностружечная плита
chipboard	макулатурный картон
portable sawmill	портативная лесопилка

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

eventual, initially, highly, ensure, thickness, substantial, saleable, dangerous, advancement, safety, suitable, subsequent, semi professional

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

facility (v), eventual (n), enter (n), equip (n), serve (n), thickness (adj), move (n), substantial (n), surprisingly (n), dangerous (n), pay (n), different(n), requirement(v)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. sale a) пар

2. exit b) огромный

3. painstaking c) работник

перерабатывающей

промышленности

4. volume d) перевозка

5. steam e) стружечный станок

6. drag f) разбиватель целлюлозы

7. entire g) тащить

8. enormous h) продажа

9. emerge i) дильсы, еловые или

сосновые доски

10. processor j) флитчи, брусья

неквадратного сечения

11. pulper k) весь, целый

12. chipper l) выходить

13. shipping m) тщательный,

кропотливый

14. deals n) объем

15. flitches o) возникать, появляться

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. raw timber a) вспомогательный

персонал

2. eventual sale b) головная

лесопильная рама

3. evenly cut pieces c) мостовой

подъемный кран

4. generate power d) накладной стол

5. substantial quantity e) крупногабаритная

древесина

6. entire workforce f) лесопильщик

7. job requirements g) необработанная

древесина

8. excess wood h) равномерно 

нарезанные части

9. specialty milling i) бревна, сплавляемые

по воде

10. oversized timber j) вся рабочая сила

11. lumber yard k) специализированная

переработка древесины

12. waterborne logs l) последующая продажа

13. support staff m) излишки древесины

14. paper industry n) требования к работе

15. mill operator o) производить

электроэнергию

16. overhead crane p) склад лесоматериалов

17. feeder table q) бумажная

промышленность

18. head saw r) значительное количество

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

dangerous, mills, saws, portable mills, splits

1. The biggest ______ are usually situated where timber can be brought by river or rail.

2. Mill operations can be surprisingly ________.

3. The head saw roughly _______ the lumber into boards.

4. Different types of _______ cut the log into various thicknesses as it moves past the saw on a feeder table.

5. ________ are especially suitable for producing limited volumes of boards.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте числительные и определите их категорию (количественные – порядковые)

B. Найдите в тексте предложения с указательными и относительными местоимениями, и переведите их на русский язык

C. Найдите в тексте герундий, укажите его функции в предложениях; предложения переведите

D. Задайте специальные вопросы к следующим предложениям

1. Prior to the development of the sawmill, people harvested timber and cut the resulting logs into planks by hand.

2. The design of the mill is affected by the mode of transportation.

3. Waterborne logs float into the mill and are dragged out in turn by a winch.

4. The dangers have been reduced in recent years by a wave of technological advancements in the area of mill safety.

5. Many different models of portable sawmills have emerged with different designs and functions.

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is a sawmill?

2. How did people process timber prior to the development of the sawmill?

3. What machines can a sawmill be equipped with?

4. What happens to logs after grading?

5. What types of saws can be used for cutting at a sawmill?

6. How many blades may a log frame have?

7. What do waste products produced at a sawmill include?

8. Why are mill operations so dangerous?

9. What is the more common use of a portable sawmill?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. A sawmill’s basic operation is _______.

2. Lumber must be graded and sorted _______.

3. More space is necessary for storage in _______.

4. An entire workforce which operates the mills includes

_______.

5. The latest trend in sawmill technology is ________.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Modern high-volume sawmills are not very different from 17th century sawmills.

2. The biggest mills are usually situated not far from the site of a timber harvest.

3. After drying, logs can be packaged for shipping.

4. Resawing machines handle sawdust and woodchips.

5. Portable sawmills are especially suitable for producing limited volumes of boards.

Задание V

Составьте к тексту вопросы, ответы на которые могли бы быть использованы в качестве плана его пересказа

Unit VI

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

period, organism, result, nominal, collectively, standard, material, structural, bacteria, pesticide, type, combine, vacuum, classify

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

SAWN WOOD PRODUCTS

All trees can be manufactured into a wide range of products. However, in all cases, the first link in the chain has to do with products that are cut from the forest itself.  We call these “raw wood” products. There is a number of different kinds of raw wood products.  “Roundwood” refers to raw products such as sawlogs, veneer, pulpwood and poles.  However, there is a number of other raw wood products, such as chips, firewood, boughs, maple sap and Christmas trees.

Lumber or timber is wood that is used in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production. Sawn timber is produced by sawing a log longitudinally to create pieces of sawn timber each with a square or rectangular cross section. The cross section is usually one of the “industry standard sizes” although on occasions, the timber may be sawn to a special non-standard cross section.

Lumber is supplied either rough or finished. Besides pulpwood, rough lumber is the raw material for furniture-making and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species, usually hardwoods. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, primarily softwood from coniferous species including pine, fir and spruce (collectively known as Spruce-pine-fir), cedar, hemlock, but also some hardwood, for high-grade flooring.

In the United Kingdom and Australia, “timber” is a term also used for sawn wood products (that is, boards), whereas generally in the United States and Canada, the product of timber cut into boards is referred to as “lumber”. In the United States and Canada, timber often refers to the wood contents of standing, live trees that can be used for lumber or fibre production, although it can also be used to describe sawn lumber whose smallest dimension is not less than 5 inches (127 mm) such as the large dimension and often partially finished lumber used in timber-frame construction. In the United Kingdom the word “lumber” has several other meanings including unused or unwanted items.

Dimensional lumber is a term used for lumber that is finished/planed and cut to standardized width and depth specified in inches. The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, or twelve feet in length. In the United States the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 feet. Lumber’s nominal dimensions are given in terms of green (not dried), rough (unfinished) dimensions. The finished size is smaller, as a result of drying (which shrinks the wood) and planing (to smooth the wood). However, the difference between “nominal” and “finished” lumber size can vary. So various standards have specified the difference between nominal size and finished size of lumber.

Timber or lumber may be treated with a preservative that protects it from being destroyed by insects, fungus or exposure to moisture. Generally this is applied through combined vacuum and pressure treatment. The preservatives used to pressure-treat lumber are classified as pesticides. Treating lumber provides long-term resistance to organisms that cause deterioration. If preservatives are applied correctly, they extend the productive life of lumber by five to ten times. If left untreated, wood that is exposed to moisture or soil for sustained periods of time will become weakened by various types of fungi, bacteria or insects.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

raw wood	необработанная древесина
sawn wood	пиломатериал
roundwood	раундвуд, круглый лесоматериал
sawlog	пиловочник
veneer	шпон
pole	столб
chips	щепки
firewood	дрова
bough	ветка
maple sap	кленовый сок
lumber	пиломатериалы; строительный материал
timber	лесоматериал, строевой лес
rough lumber	необработанные пиломатериалы
finished lumber	готовые пиломатериалы
dimensional lumber	лесоматериал установленных размеров, стандартный лесоматериал
pulpwood	балансовая древесина
hardwood	древесина лиственных пород
softwood	древесина хвойных пород
pine	сосна
fir	ель, пихта
spruce	ель
cedar	кедр
hemlock	тсуга канадская
board	доска
timber-frame construction	деревянная конструкция
flooring	настилка полов; половые строганые доски
drying	сушка
planing	строгание
shrink	сжиматься, давать усадку, усыхать
preservatives	средства для предохранения от гниения
pesticide	пестицид
treatment	обработка
fungus (fungi)	гриб, грибок (грибы)
deterioration	разложение древесины

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

construction, readiness, structural, usually, coniferous, mostly, unused, generally, nominal, partially, unwanted, separately, unfinished, collectively, difference, various, preservative, exposure, treatment, moisture, resistance, correctly, deterioration, productive, untreated, production

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

use (adj), readiness (adj), structural (n), construction (v), product (v, adj), collectively (v, adj), generally (adj), describe (n), partially (n, adj), meaning (v), width (adj), depth (adj), specify(adj), length (adj), separately (v, adj), drying (v, adj), difference (adj), various (v), preservative (n,v), exposure (n,v), moisture (v,adj), apply (n, adj), combine (n), pressure (v), treatment (v),classify (n), resistance (v), deterioration (v), extend (n, adj), sustain (n, adj), weaken (adj), destroy (n, adj)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. species a) давление

2. board b) насекомое

3. fibre c) вид, род, порода

4. pressure d) почва

5. insect e) доска

6. soil f) ткань, волокно

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. rough lumber a) состав древесины

2. raw material b) длительные периоды

времени

3. furniture-making с) номинальные размеры

4. construction industry d) готовые

пиломатериалы

5. coniferous species e) воздействие влаги

6. high-grade flooring f) неиспользуемые

или нежелательные

предметы

7. sawn wood products g) долгосрочная

устойчивость

8. wood contents h) сырье

9. timber-frame construction i) пиломатериалы

10. unused or unwanted items j) строительная

промышленность

11. finished lumber k) высококачествен-

ный половой настил

12. nominal dimensions l) хвойные породы

13. exposure to moisture m) необработанные

пиломатериалы

14. long-term resistance n) деревянная

конструкция

15. sustained periods of time o) изготовление мебели

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

pesticides, paper production, furniture-making,

sawn lumber, standardized width and depth

1. Lumber or timber is wood that is used in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for _______.

2. Rough lumber is the raw material for ________ and other items requiring additional cutting and shaping.

3. In the United States and Canada the term “timber” can also be used to describe ______ whose smallest dimension is not less than 5 inches.

4. Dimensional lumber is a term used for lumber that is finished/planed and cut to ______ specified in inches.

5. The preservatives used to pressure-treat lumber are classified as ________.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте предложение с местоимением “any” и переведите его

B. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее союз: “either … or” и переведите предложение с ним

C. Найдите в третьем и четвертом абзацах текста прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени и переведите предложения с ними

D. Найдите подлежащее и сказуемое в следующих предложениях

1. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for

the construction industry.

2. The length of a board is usually specified separately from

the width and depth.

3. Treating lumber provides long-term resistance to

organisms that cause deterioration.

4. The difference between “nominal” and “finished”

lumber size can vary.

5. Lumber’s nominal dimensions are given in terms of

green, rough dimensions.

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What do we call “raw wood” products? What do

roundwood products include?

2. What is “lumber”? What kinds of lumber do you know?

3. What is the difference between the terms “lumber” and “timber”?

4. What are the standard lengths of lumber in the USA?

5. Why is lumber or timber treated with a preservative?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Finished lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction industry, primarily softwood from coniferous species including _______.

2. In the United Kingdom the word “lumber” has several other meanings including ______.

3. The finished size of lumber is smaller, as a result of ______.

4. Timber or lumber may be treated with a preservative that protects it from _______.

5. If preservatives are applied correctly, they _______.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Rough lumber is available in many species, usually hardwoods.

2. In the United Kingdom and Australia, “timber” is a term used for sawn wood products, whereas in the United States and Canada, it generally refers to the wood contents of standing, live trees.

3. The length of a board is usually specified together with its width and depth.

4. There is no difference between “nominal” and “finished” lumber size.

5. If left untreated, wood that is exposed to moisture or soil for sustained periods of time will become strengthened by various types of fungi, bacteria or insects.

Задание V

Укажите в тексте абзацы, в которых содержатся данные о стандартных размерах лесоматериалов, и выполните их письменный перевод

Unit VII

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

standard, factor, defect, construction, separate, result, dividend, select, cabinet, producer, guarantee, uniform, product, criterion

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

LUMBER GRADING

Lumber grading is a way of evaluating the surface quality of a board according to certain standards, taking into account factors such as the number, size and degree of defects in the wood. The goal is to insure that woodworkers get what they pay for; a board of a certain grade of wood bought in Maine will closely resemble a similar-grade board purchased in New Mexico.

At first glance, the rules of grading may seem arbitrary. For starters, the standards are different for softwoods and hardwoods, the result of the end use of each type of wood. Softwoods are primarily used in construction, so a grader may assume that a softwood board will be used as is, with no further surfacing. Hardwood boards, on the other hand, are almost always planed, crosscut and ripped into smaller pieces to fit a particular piece of furniture. Added to that is the fact that, while there is one standard for hardwoods, softwoods are further divided into separate groups and graded according to rules established by different organizations. Taking the time to become familiar with hardwood and softwood grading will pay dividends.

A sound understanding of the grading system enables you to select the most appropriate board for the job at hand; it can also save you money. There is no need, for example, to order long planks of top-grade FAS (or Firsts and Seconds) lumber if most of the pieces of the cabinet you intend to build are only three or four feet long. No. I Common, which is considerably cheaper, and will be adequate once you have cut out the defects. Lumber producers and vendors have long found it advantageous to study wood types and set rules for grading to guarantee a uniform product.

One of the earliest instances of grading occurred in 1764, when Sven Aversdon of Stockhohn divided Swedish pine into four categories – best, good, common and culls. During the l8th century, appearance was the primary criterion [kraɪ'tɪərɪən] for grading wood, but as knowledge of wood proper ties increased, standards changed to include strength and the amount of clearer usable wood in each board. The best way to become familiar with grades is to visit a lumberyard and examine stock firsthand. Get to know how a hardwood grade like FAS differs from No. I Common. And when you select lumber, try to picture how each part can be cut out of a board with the least waste.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

grading	классификация, сортировка
quality	качество
purchase	покупка; закупка
crosscut	поперечная резка, поперечная распиловка
rip	распиливать вдоль волокон (дерево)
plank	брус, доска, планка
cull	некондиционные материалы; отбраковка
stock	(здесь) лесоматериал

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

arbitrary, primarily, grader, particular, familiar, enable, adequate, considerably, occur, include, strength, feet

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

advantageous (n), usable(v), according(n), proper(n), save(adj), examine(n), intend(n)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. evaluate a) (фирма-)поставщик;

торговец

2. degree b) пример, случай

3. appropriate c) общий; обычный

4. amount d) величина, количество

5. vendor e) оценивать, определять

стоимость

6. common f) подходящий,

соответствующий;

должный

7. instance g) степень, уровень

8. assume h) случайный,

произвольный

9. arbitrary i) принимать; считать;

предполагать

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. take into account a) вырезать

2. at first glance b) с другой стороны

3. cut out c) устанавливать

правила

4. set rules d) с первого взгляда

5. closely resemble e) минимальные потери

6. on the other hand f) иметь близкое

сходство

7. least waste g) принимать во

внимание

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

hardwood, determine, aggregate, appearance,

the poorest side

1. Lumber is generally graded from ____ of the board.

2. Several factors are used to ____ boards into different

grade classes.

3. An understanding of a number of standard terms is

essential in grading ____ lumber.

4. Sound cuttings are allowed in some of the lower grades,

and this material is often used where ____ is not

critical.

5. The first step in grading the board is to ____ the

species.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные

B. Найдите в тексте предложения со сказуемым в Present Perfect и Past Indefinite и переведите их

C. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в будущем времени, укажите залог сказуемого

D. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в повелительном наклонении и переведите их

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is grading? What factors do influence the grade of a board?

2. Why it will do you good to understand the grading system?

3. What is the main difference between hardwood and softwood board?

4. What was the primary criterion for grading wood in the l8th century?

5. In what way have standards been modified through the years?

B. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Softwoods are originally used in ______.

2. At first sight, the rules of grading may seem ______.

3. One of the earliest examples of grading wood happened _______.

4. Spending the time to understand better hardwood and softwood grading will ______.

5. Two centuries ago appearance was the primary ______ for grading wood.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых

противоречит содержанию текста

1. Visual grading is the original method for stress grading.

2. Most commercial lumber is graded by standardized rules that make purchasing more or less uniform throughout the country.

3. Hardwood lumber is graded using the same classification system as softwoods.

4. The best grade in the Factory lumber category is termed FAS.

5. The only way to become familiar with grades is to visit a shop and examine stock by appearance.

Задание V

Напишите краткое изложение основного содержания текста на английском языке

Unit VIII

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

activity, project, artistic, marker, object, fix, category, regularize, abrasive

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

WOODWORKING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Woodworking is a laborious job; this is because the activities as processing wood, cutting, fitting, etc., are involved in woodworking. Therefore it is important to use right woodworking tools which help to reduce the required labour and make woodworking much more convenient.

The woodworking tools are simple woodworking supplies such as hammer, saw, etc., which are small and operated manually. However, apart from woodworking tools woodworking machines are also available for facilitating your projects. They are used for the activities as processing of wood and even creating new wooden artistic objects.

There are several woodworking tools used these days. The most commonly used among them is a saw. There are different types of saws such as Japanese saws, dovetail saws, cross cut saws, Tenon saws, bow saws, chain saws, etc. They are used for cutting.

However, before cutting the wood, it is to be marked with woodworking tools such as markers and majoring tools. The tools such as measuring tapes, squares, rules are required for measuring and the woodworking tools such as marking gauges, knives, awls play a very crucial part in making marks before cutting.

Then the third most common woodworking tools are hammers. The hammers are required to fix nails with which different pieces of wood are fixed together to make the work piece. Apart from nails, screws also are commonly used for fixing different parts of the work piece.

Then the next important categories of woodworking tools are the chisels, scrapers and carving tools. They are required for a number of small activities involved in woodworking.

The finishing of the woodwork pieces also is an important part of woodworking. The wood planers are used for smoothening and regularizing the surface. Scrapers and polishers such as sandpapers, steel wool and other abrasives also are useful for smoothening of the surface.

For additional support and for fixing different parts of the work piece together wax or adhesives are applied along with the nails and screws. The work piece is also generally coloured or polished with varnishes, colours, etc., therefore the woodworking tools such as brushes, or sprayers also are required.

Woodworking equipment is used to mould a piece of wood into the desired shape. Some of the common woodworking equipment includes biscuit joiner, chainsaw, jigsaw drill, nail gun, sander, wood router, spindle tool and rotary tool.

These are only among some of the common woodworking tools and equipment that every woodworker should have.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

woodworking tools	деревообрабатывающие инструменты
marking gauge	простой рейсмус
awl	шило
chisel	долото
scraper	скребок
carving	резьба
planer	строгальный станок
polisher	шлифовальный станок
sandpaper	наждачная бумага
abrasives	шлифующие материалы
adhesives	адгезивы, клеящие вещества
varnish	лак
biscuit joiner	ламельный фрезер
jigsaw	лобзиковая пила
drill	сверло, дрель
sander	ленточно-шлифовальный станок
wood router	быстроходный деревообрабатывающий фрезерный станок
spindle tool	шпиндель

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

laborious, convenient, commonly, smoothen, useful, additional

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

laborious (n), convenient(n), smoothen(adj), additional(n, v), activity(v, adj), facilitate (n), create (n, adj), planer (v), regularize(n, adj)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. crucial a) гвоздь

2. finishing b) воск

3. surface c) кисть, щетка

4. wax d) отделка

5. marker e) инструмент для

маркировки

6. nail f) распылитель,

пульверизатор

7. screw g) формовать

8. brush h) решающий,

ключевой

9. sprayer i) поверхность

10. mould j) винт

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. laborious job a) узкая прорезная

лучковая пила

2. wooden artistic object b) измерительная

лента

3. dovetail saw c) шипорезная пила

4. measuring tape d) цепная пила

5. nail gun e) кропотливая

работа

6. rotary tool f) пила для

поперечной

распиловки

7. cross cut saw g) пила для вырезания

пазов

8. tenon saw h) вращающийся

инструмент; фреза

9. chain saw i) пневматический

молоток

10. bow saw j) художественное

изделие из древесины

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

wood planers, reduce, nails, work piece, available

1. Apart from woodworking tools woodworking machines are also _______ for facilitating your projects.

2. The _______ is also generally coloured of polished with varnishes and colours.

3. Right woodworking tools help to _______ the required labour and make woodworking much more convenient.

4. The hammers are required to fix _______ with which the different pieces of wood are fixed together.

5. The ________ are used for smoothening and regularizing the surface.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте предложения с союзом “such as” и переведите их

B. Найдите в тексте причастия и герундий, укажите их форму и функцию в предложениях, переведите их

C. Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в страдательном залоге, укажите время

D. Найдите в тексте предлоги и укажите их значение

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Why is it important to use right woodworking tools and equipment?

2. What do the most commonly used woodworking tools include?

3. What instruments can be used to fix nails?

4. What tools and equipment are used for the finishing of the woodwork pieces?

5. Why is it necessary to apply wax or adhesives in woodworking?

B. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Woodworking involves such activities as ________.

2. Woodworking machines are used for _________.

3. Different types of saws used for cutting include _______.

4. ________ play a very crucial part in making marks before cutting.

5. For fixing the work piece together ________.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Woodworking activities require many types of woodworking tools and equipment.

2. Before cutting the wood, it is to be coloured or polished.

3. Chisels, scrapers and carving tools are used for cutting wood.

4. Wood planers, scrapers and polishers are used for smoothening and regularizing the surface.

5. Woodworking equipment used to mould a piece of wood into the desired shape includes brushes, sprayers and sandpapers.

Задание V

Заполните следующую таблицу, используя информацию, представленную в тексте

Woodworking equipment	Woodworking operations
Woodworking tools: 1. 2. 3. …	1. 2. 3. …
Woodworking machines: 1. 2. 3. …	1. 2. 3. …

Unit IX

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

ornamenting, artistic, designer, recommend, result, aesthetic, combine, chance, temperature

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

FURNITURE DESIGNING

Furniture designing is the art of delineating and ornamenting household effects so they become objects of beauty and pleasure as well as service. Furniture designing means giving thought and study to the proposed plan; the seeking for the best forms, sizes, proportions, materials, and workmanship to produce what is required. It may be necessary to make several attempts before success is attained, but the result will be the best individual effort. In this sense designed furniture should be useful, handsome, and well made of properly selected material used in an attractive way.

Furniture may be made without any special study or thought, the result being mechanical, careless, and lacking in artistic qualities. A mechanic may make something that is serviceable but extremely ugly, and without design. If, however, he has the personal quality that causes him to take pride in the appearance of his work combined with the knowledge of how to proceed to obtain the beautiful he will become a designer, for he will put his mind to his work, giving it a personality, independent of chance effects. Furniture made without this thought and study brings to the mind at once the feeling that something is wanting. Either the lines indicate an indecision in the mind of the maker, or the methods employed in its construction show no desire to produce the best effect with the material.

The material from which furniture is usually made is wood. Wood is a natural material, which has many qualities to recommend it. It is abundant, easily obtained, and easily prepared in convenient form for use. It is of light weight so that objects made from it are not heavy enough to become inconvenient, and it is sufficiently strong to serve all practical purposes. The ease with which it is worked into the forms desired, and the facility with which necessary repairs may be made are recommendations in its favour.

In addition to these advantages, which may be called technical, there are the aesthetic and physical reasons why wood is superior to other materials. It is agreeable to the eye in its natural state, which furnishes a large variety of colours, but if these do not meet the requirements stains of any shade can be applied with ease. It also assumes, under proper conditions, a polish of a greater or less degree. There are no objectionable sensations experienced when it is touched by the hand, as it is not hard or harsh, nor is the temperature unpleasant.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

furniture	мебель
workmanship	искусство, мастерство, умение; квалификация
delineate	набрасывать, чертить, намечать
household effects	домашние вещи
serviceable	прочный, долговечный
stain	краска, красящее вещество; морилка
shade	тон, оттенок
line	облицовка; контур, начертание
harsh	жесткий, неприятный (на ощупь), шероховатый
polish	лак; политура, мастика

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

pleasure, proposed, required, properly, knowledge, independent, inconvenient, sufficiently, greater, agreeable, desired , weight, unpleasant, variety, necessary

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

thought(v), require(n), weight(v), success(adj), mechanic(adj), necessary(adv), favour(adj)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. seek a) возможность,

благоприятные условия

2. handsome b) обильный,

имеющийся в избытке

3. attain c) искать, разыскивать

4. attempt d) безобразный, уродливый

5. facility e) попытка

6. abundant f) достигать, добираться

7. ugly g) красивый

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. take pride a) легко получаемый

(добытый)

2. put one’s mind to b) разнообразие оттенков

3. properly selected c) естественное состояние

4. variety of colours d) лучший результат

5. best effect e) гордиться чем-л.;

получать удовлет-

ворение от чего-л.

6. easily obtained f) уделить много

внимания (чему-либо)

7. natural state g) тщательно отобранные

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

modern, households, manufactured, mortise and

tenon, upholstered, dimensions

1. Oak, maple and ash are woods most commonly used in _______ furniture.

2. Whatever may be the shape of table legs they should be proportioned to the _______ of the top.

3. Chests, man's oldest furniture, continue to have a place in ________.

4. The _______ joint (шиповое соединение) will always be preferable in quality work to dowelling (соединение болтами), but where economy of time is vital, the horizontal borer is an obvious alternative to the mortiser.

5. Like many other products, ________ boards are available in a wide range of quality.

Задание III

A. Найдите в тексте местоимения и укажите, к какой группе они относятся

B. Найдите в тексте герундий и укажите его функции в предложениях

C. Найдите в тексте предложение с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите его на русский язык

D. Найдите в тексте условные предложения и определите их тип

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is furniture designing? What does it mean?

2. What is the result of making furniture without special skills?

3. How can a craftsman become a designer?

4. What material is usually furniture made from?

5. What are the advantages of wood as raw material for making furniture?

B. Завершите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Furniture made without any special study or thought is ________.

2. Useful and handsome furniture can be made thanks to ________.

3. A craftsman can made a piece a furniture _______.

4. Furniture is usually made from wood because _______.

5. When wood is touched by the hand it is ________.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых противоречит содержанию текста

1. Furniture designing ensures good results in furniture making.

2. A mechanic who hasn’t pride in his workmanship may become a good furniture designer.

3. Furniture made from wood is heavy in weight and inconvenient to process.

4. Wood is superior to other materials in furniture making due to its advantages.

5. Furniture may be polished to enhance its beauty.

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод абзаца текста, начинающегося предложением

Furniture may be made without any special study…

Unit X

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

category, limited, occasional, square, fraction, principle, perimeter, accommodated, interfere, actual, stool

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь

FURNITURE

The general term “furniture” has wide meanings, but from the standpoint of the cabinet-maker its range will be limited to four main classes as follows:

Supporting units: tables, trolleys, desks, writing fitments, working tops, etc.

Seating units: chairs, stools, settees, etc.

Reclining units: beds, divans, daybeds, etc.

Storage units: cabinets, chests, sideboards, wardrobes, bookcases, wall fitments, etc.

Additionally there are miscellaneous items including mirrors, occasional furniture, and some kinds of wall panelling and small articles of woodware commonly known as treen which do not fit readily into any of the above categories.

A table is a form of furniture featuring a flat and stationary horizontal upper surface used to support objects of interest, for storage, display, and manipulation. Tables come in a wide variety of materials, shapes, and heights that depends on their origin, style and intended use. All tables are composed of a flat surface and a base with one or more supports, or legs.

Sideboards can be tall and fairly narrow or long and low, dependent on the size of the room. Most types provide storage space for bottles, glasses, china and table linen, etc., with orthodox drawers or interior trays, adjustable shelves, fall flaps or side-hung doors. Attached legs or independent stools or stands are favoured, as there are obvious disadvantages in taking cupboards down to or a little above floor level on a shallow plinth.

Chairs of compound curvature and subtle shaping require the application of special skills and in many richly ornamented traditional examples the designer prepared his sketches, leaving it to the actual maker to choose the wood and methods of jointing. As it was difficult to plot all the curves of an elaborate chair in two-dimensional drawings only, the final result was dependent in great measure on the skill and sensitivity of the individual craftsman, and such chairs were highly expensive to manufacture, requiring the wasteful use of heavy wood sections which were rough shaped, jointed and assembled and then sculptured and carved, using special chairmakers’ tools. Modern designs employ straight sectioned stock wherever possible, and steam bending or laminating for curved work, thereby effecting considerable economies in both time and materials. Such chairs are relatively simple to make and do not require the same measure of special skill.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики

furniture	мебель, обстановка
supporting units	мебель-подставка
trolley	столик на колесиках
seating units	мебель для сидения
daybed	кушетка, тахта
settee	(небольшой) диван, канапе
reclining units	мебель для лежания
storage units	мебель-хранилище
treen	антикварная мебель
technique	технология
fitments	встроенная мебель
woodware	предметы мебели из дерева
sideboard	буфет, сервант
wardrobe	гардероб, шкаф
cabinet	шкаф; шкаф с выдвижными ящиками
drawer	(выдвижной) ящик
tray	неглубокий ящик; лоток
fall flap	откидная доска, дверца
panelling	панельная обшивка
plinth	плинтус
curvature	кривизна; искривление; изгиб
stock	заготовка
bending	изгиб; кривизна; изогнутость
jointing	пригонка, стык, соединение
laminating	многослойное дублирование материалов

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются слова

cabinetmaker, mirror, variety, probability, difference, indifferent, sitter, dependent, sensitivity, considerable, manufacture, assembled, circular, relatively

b) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов

B. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю)

plot(n), dependent(v), employ(n), necessary(n), application(v), manipulation(v), attached(n), richly(adj), result(v), steam(v), adjustable(v)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквиваленты к словам, обозначенным цифрами

1. miscellaneous a) изделие

2. article b) расточительный

3. standpoint c) эскиз, набросок

4. wasteful d) прямой

5. curve e) разнообразный

6. sketch f) изгиб, закругление

7. straight g) точка зрения

8. surface h) показ

9. display i) поверхность

B. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами

1. to apply knowledge a) столовое белье

2. special skills b) придание искусной

формы

3. two-dimensional drawing c) применять знания

4. curved work d) подвижная полка в

шкафу

5. rough shaped e) особые умения,

навыки

6. subtle shaping f) ажурная работа

7. table linen g) придавать грубую

форму

8. adjustable shelf h) дву(х)мерный чертеж

9. intended use i) использование по

назначению

C. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова или словосочетания

compartments, units, storage, framed, fashions

1. Chests, man's oldest furniture, continue to have a place in modern households, being used chiefly for the _____ of blankets and linen.

2. The sideboard is divided into three ______, with double tambours to the middle section, and inset doors on butt hinges to the outer sections.

3. Wardrobe sizes are determined by ______ in clothes, and modern designs are usually 5 ft 10 in (178 cm) overall height.

4. Frameless mirrors should have all edges ground and polished, but ______ mirrors need only ground edges.

5. Conference tables are very large ones usually composed of smaller ______ linked together.

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте предложение, содержащее союз: “both … and” и переведите предложение с ним

B. Найдите в тексте безличное предложение и переведите его

C. Найдите в тексте инфинитивы и укажите их функции в предложениях

D. Задайте к тексту пять вопросов разного типа

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What are the main types of furniture?

2. What do the most commonly used articles of furniture include?

3. What article of furniture can be used for the storage of books and paper?

4. Why do you think chairmaking has been a separate branch of furniture making since the mid-17^th century?

5. Why do the woodworkers employ straight sectioned stock in chairmaking?

B. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. The term “furniture” includes such categories of woodware as ________.

2. Reclining units are used for _______.

3. Sideboards can be tall or short, narrow or wide according to the _______.

4. One of the most intricate branches of woodwork was _______.

5. Chairs designed by modern standards do not require _______.

C. Выберите предложения, смысл которых

противоречит содержанию текста

1. Furniture can be a product of design and is considered a form of decorative art.

2. Storage furniture such as chests, sideboards, wardrobes, bookcases, etc. often makes use of doors, drawers and shelves to contain smaller objects such as clothes, tools, books, and household goods.

3. When a chair has compound curvature it becomes easy and cheap to manufacture.

4. A shelf is a flat horizontal surface used to store things.

5. Chairs of modern designs are expensive in cost and compound in construction.

Задание V

Выпишите из текста ключевые предложения, которые можно использовать при кратком пересказе