1.3.Time

Раst simple/ past simple/

Past continuous/ past continuous/ Past perfect past perfect

Main clause

Present/future/ Imperative

Time clause

present simple/ present perfect

Examples:

He watches the news before he goes to bed.

By the time I arrived at the station the train had already left.

When + clause/ impersonal structure=

и1 the time; you can also use on the day/ at the moment / the first time instead.

! When (question word) + will (when will I know the results?)

Before + clause/ -ing (shows that the event in the main clause happens earlier Ilian that in the time clause).

Before together with previously, earlier and hitherto can open a separate clause. Previously and hitherto imply stronger contrast with the past. Hitherto is used only in formal style

After + clause/-ing; afterward(s) - im­ply shorter interval whereas later/ subse­quently + clause imply longer interval and show that the event in the main clause happens later than that in the time clause Ago before now

Ily Ihe time/ by + clause/ -ing = not later than

Until/ till + clause/ time adverb = up to

I lie time when

Simultaneously = while/ as, used in for­mal style mostly While/ whilst/ meanwhile/ as/ aw long as + clause = in the time period

In Ihe meantime + clause (opens the second clause) = until then

During + noun/ -ing — in the time period

Lock the door when you leave.

The weather was lovely when we ar­rived.

I’m not sure when he will come.

Jim had fallen asleep before Ann got home.

Think twice before making any decision. Now he’s all in his work. Before, he did everything to avoid it.

She had a nap after she had finished re­vising.

Peter graduated two years ago.

I'll have arranged everything by the time you come back.

He’ll wait until you’re ready.

The earthquake occurred while/ as they were sleeping.

The next programme starts in five min­utes: in the meantime here’s some mu-

As soon as/ immediately/ the min­ute/second/moment + clause = a fast se­quence of events

H

The earthquake occurred during the night.

Call me as soon as/the moment you ar­rive.

Hardly had she reached home when it started raining.

Once she starts talking about herself there is no stopping her.

.. .when walking down the street...

... when finished.../ until cooked

Once having found...

... whenever possible...

ardly ...when/ no sooner ...than are

used in the same meaning and for empha­sis

Once + clause = as soon as/ when Since means the starting point for states/ actions

Note! When/ after/ since/ before/ until/ while can be followed by - ing-clauses to form impersonal structures; when/ until can be used with past participle, once - with perfect participle (having done);

When/ whenever/ while/ once/ until can be followed by a ver bless clause

Kxercise I. Specify the sequence of events in the following sentences and indicate the meaning of when.

Example: When Tweed arrived, he was shown into Faif'weather's office means: "Tweed arrived and then was shown into Fairweather's office."

1 •When they took the baby from me to clean her up, she let out a couple of good screams.

2. He only drank when he was sure of being alone.

3. When he had finished, he turned out the light.

4. Pierre strolled for 5 min. when he heard the girl’s screams.

5. I'll try to explain when I see you.

6. What will you do when you go back?

7. When you have finished, you will be shown to your bedroom.

8. When you have solved this mystery will you return to England?

9. When the phone rang, he was making himself a cheese sandwich. We were driving around outside when unfortunately three old ladies emerged from the hotel and came straight across in front of us.

10. We had just gone to bed when we were startled by a forceful knocking at the door.

11. The murder happened when I left.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using on the day/ days, at the

(very) moment, the first time instead of when.

1. So do you ever go to the college of an evening when you’re working?

2. This came when I got my last bank statement.

1. He arrived when the Civil Service was preparing radical administrative changes.

4. When my husband proposed to me, I said, "Yes, I’ll marry you.”

5. When I came here, I had the best night's sleep for months.

6. Matty enjoyed talking to Mr Halloran, whom he met when the greengrocer brought his van around.

7. There was a wave of dissatisfaction with President Bush's economic policy when that policy was starting to come right.

Exercise 3. Insert the following linkers into the gaps. You may often use more than one linker.

alter as soon as immediately once

the minute the second the moment the instant

1. Don told me this, he spoke of his mother.

2. I’ll telephone there’s any change.

3. he gets the money, he’ll pay you.

4. They were doing it long before we got here. And they’ll be doing it long we leave.

5. he read the manual, he knew how to operate the machine.

6. A letter will be sent to your family doctor as soon as possible you

have left hospital.

7. I closed my eyes, I fell asleep.

8 Let me know any of them turn up.

9. Laura went for a ride on her moped Ian had left for work.

10. I’ll be marrying again circumstances allow.

11. I decided what to do, I stopped worrying.

10. . Dena had gone to bed he studied the picture again as he drank a

brandy.

13. A microphone was put under my nose I got off the horse.

14 She put down the receiver she recognized my voice.

15. He reached here right we did.

16. The smell will disappear the hair is dry.

Exercise 4. Insert afterward(s), after (indicating shorter interval between actions) and later, subsequently (showing longer interval) in the following sentences.

1. . , he said "I bet you quote that in some interview!”

2. At Cambridge University, he gained a first in English and

completed his PhD thesis in early 19th century poetry.

3. We shared a cigarette. , she rested her head on my shoulder.

4. Several players needed police protection and then the remainder left the

field. The referee brought them back and made them all shake

hands before resuming.

5. Write down those ideas. We can discuss them __ .

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into Russian and comment upon the difference between since and until (till).

1. These drugs have been the mainstay of medical treatment since they first became available in 1950.

2. Things have improved since the inspector wrote his report.

3. They talked about Stephen until they reached Canterbury.

4. He’s been there ever since you left.

5. A lot had happened since they last met.

6. The family had lived in the Manor House since it had been built in 1573.

7. We waited until Bruno's brother came and told us the news.

8. He has been there since you left.

9. The family have lived in the Manor House since it had been built in 1573.

10. It is over ten years since we left college.

11. Until it happens, you tend to be complacent.

12. It's ten days since the accident happened.

13. She doesn’t believe anything until she has seen it in print.

14. It was forty years since Ingrid had first arrived in California.

15. A widow at the grave of her dead husband: ’Rest in peace until I come'.

Exercise 6. Underline the appropriate time phrase.

1. I’ll call you while/the moment I get home.

2. You can visit me whenever/ till you want to.

3. We went for a walk after/ until we had eaten breakfast.

4. Once/ before he read the manual, he knew how to operate the machine.

5. I was doing the ironing while/during he was washing the car.

6. They didn’t get married until/ by the time they had saved enough money for their honeymoon.

7. I’ll write to you as soon as/ immediately I have the results.

8. We won’t move to a new house before/since the children leave school.

9. They had fixed the roof until/ by the time John came back.

10. I got to the station just till/just as the train was pulling in.

Exorcise 7. Fill in the gaps with by, until', while, before, hardly... when, as soon as, when, as long as, by the time.

1. You can keep those CDs for as you like.

2. I can’t do any washing the washing machine is repaired.

3. We saw the smoke we turned into our street.

4. We had gone to bed there was a knock at the door.

5. Sarah parked the car Paul dashed into the bank.

6. I have to finish these letters I can leave the office.

7. Wait here I get back.

8. I was washing my hair the phone rang.

9. You must be home eleven o’clock tonight.

10. Sue reached the bank, it had closed.

Exercise 8. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in brack­ets. Make changes, if necessary.

1. As soon as he woke up, he jumped out of bed. (moment, when)

2. She did some research before she wrote her report, (after, soon).

3. I had no sooner entered the house than the phone rang, (hardly, scarcely).

4. Simon hurt his leg climbing a tree, (while, as).

5. We can’t go. We have to wait for the taxi to arrive, (until).

6. We opened the gate. The dog ran towards us. (sooner, hardly).

7. The shop will open at 9 o’clock. The staff will have come in to work by then, (time, before).

8. Her phone card ran out during her conversation with her mother, (while, as).

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Что вы делали, когда началось землетрясение?

2. Не успел он заговорить, как его снова перебили.

3. Когда бы мы ни касались этой темы, он всегда злится.

4. Открывая дверь, он размышлял, что заставило миссис Оливер прий­ти к нему.

5. Он пообещал позвонить сразу же, как только доберется до места на­значения.

6. Что вы сделали, когда началась гроза?

7. Рассмотрение его дела откладывается еще на несколько месяцев, а до тех пор большинство будут считать его виновным.

8. С тех пор как Колин прочитал эту статью, он не ест мяса.

9. Едва я закрыл глаза, как телефон опять зазвонил.

10. Они скоро подойдут. А пока давай выпьем кофе.