- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
them as fast as GM can produce them.
)
)
I had a lot of fun watching the entire “Star Wars’’ series on DVD. I didn’t learn anything new about astronomy or history.
)
_ _
The job market is in a slump right now. It tends to change very quickly
and may improve soon.
)
)
Exercise 3. Connect the two ideas using the following linkers: but, although, however, despite, despite the fact that, in spite of, nevertheless.
High level positions are stressful at times. Professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
__
c)
d ____
f) ___
g)
Exercise 4. Combine parts from each colun.
В
He went to school |
even though |
he hated heights |
today |
|
|
He always did his |
On the contrary |
few people attended |
best at school |
|
the lecture |
He didn’t pass the exam |
although |
the help I gave him |
Admission was free |
However |
he didn’t feel very well |
He agreed to go |
in spite о |
most of his school |
Climbing |
|
friends were lazy |
Not everybody thinks |
whereas |
some people say it looks |
the building is ugly |
|
marvellous |
Exercise 5. Fill the gaps with a suitable linker.
taking a map, they still got lost.
It took me two hours to do it the others finished in less than an
hour.
She managed to get there she had a broken ankle.
It’s not the best dictionary you can buy; , it’s better than nothing.
- He’s an expert on medieval Latin. — , he has no knowledge of Latin whatsoever.
the shortage of steel, industrial output has increased by 5 %.
Genius she was, she was quite unassuming.
caused the accident, it was not a broken bottle.
Raspberries have a matt, spongy surface blackberries have a
taut, shiny skin.
. often despairing of rescue, they held out to the end.
.You shouldn’t be aggressive. , you shouldn’t be too timid.
The party hasn’t lost its taste for discipline. , feelings on this
subject seem to be stronger than ever.
Peter has got many friends, but he’s often lonely.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Excrcise 6. Choose from the list of linking devices to fill in the gaps to complete the sentences below comparing and contrasting dolphins and humans.
Both, unlike (2), like (2), in contrast, nor, similarly, neither (2)
(1) dolphins, humans communicate by making noises to each other.
However, dolphins, (2) humans, seem to have no interest in investigating the languages of other species.
) humans nor dolphins can breathe water. Strangely, however, although dolphins breathe air, they soon die if they are out of water. Humans,
) , are fairly happy in either medium. (5) humans and dolphins are believed by humans to be highly intelligent. Humans are social creatures, tending to live in societies. (6) , dolphins live in groups. Being
mammals, (7) dolphins (8) humans lay eggs. (9) dolphins, humans can be trained to play skilful games with balls. (10) humans, however, dolphins are not paid for displaying their skill.