- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
it doesn't matter/no matter + question word;
whether... or not;
Anyway;
d) I'd buy a car in any case (=even if I
couldn't afford it).
2. a) Wherever he goes they will find him.
Whatever you do, don't forget to phone me (-even if you are very busy).
I don't like him, whoever he is (=even if he is very important).
Don't hesitate to call me:, whenever you feel like it (- even if it's very late).
Whichever player they buy they won't win the championship
Whichever holiday he chooses, he'll complain (= even if it's enjoyable).
However you do it, the result will be (lie same (= even if you do it very well). However stupid he is, he wouldn't do that (=even if he is very stupid).
In any case.
Compounds of ever are also used as conjunctions, which combine the idea of contrast with that of condition.
Wherever refers to place.
Whatever refers to things.
Whoever refers to people.
Whenever refers to time.
Whichever refers to people or things where the choice is restricted.
However refers to manner or means. However may also be used in front of an adjective.
Exercise 1. Revise the quantifiers. Fill in the gaps with a relevant one: no, a little, a hit, much (2), a lot, far, at all, even, by far, any.
Your flat is bigger than I expected.
I
feel better
today.
У
I
he house was
more
beautiful than
I had hoped.
Renting
a small flat is the
best solution.
5.
Your car is
more
expensive than
ours.
0.
It isn't the
fastest car
7.
She's
the
most efficient secretary
we’ve got.
S.
Has she grown
taller?
It
doesn’t look
{).
The damage is
worse
than
we had imagined.
10.
It's
quicker
if
you go by train.
11.
This is the
most valuable painting
in the collection.
1.2.2.-1.2.3. CONTRAST/ CONCESSION
Exercise 2. Combine the sentences below using a) but; b) although.
Example: Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America.
Many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, but many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
Los Angeles has a high crime rate. Many people are attracted to its sunny, warm climate.
)
)
My new Hummer only gets eight miles to the gallon. It makes me feel like a big, powerful person.
)
)
The Golden State Warriors have not always been a great basketball team. They are having a good season this year.
)
) __