Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
such as but besides because however and
There are a lot of advantages to this job. For one thing, the pay and working
conditions are good , it's only five minutes' walk from
where I live.
I didn't apply for that other job I didn't think I
had much chance of getting it.
A lot of working groups, plumbers, electricians, and
teachers, have unions that protect their members' rights. , waiters and waitresses do not.
At first I didn't feel happy about not having a union
now it doesn't bother me.
Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
II. Compressing sentences
Do you know.why..?
1. Why is the expression "Mayday" used as a distress call?
The term ‘May Day’ is internationally recognized.
It is recognized as radio telephone signal of distress.
It is only used when a ship is in great danger.
The ship needs help immediately.
The signal is transmitted on a wavelength of 2 Л 82 kHz.
It is permanently monitored by rescue services on the shore.
The use of the expression has a very straightforward explanation.
It simply came from the French phrase ‘m’aidez’.
It means 'help me’.
It was officially adopted in 1927.
It was internationally adopted in 1927.
Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
Henry Misson was a Frenchman.
In 1700 Henry Misson was visiting Britain.
Villages had horseshoes nailed to their doors.
He asked them about the reason.
They said that it was to keep the witches away.
Horseshoes are made of iron.
It was thought the iron was strong enough to protect from evil.
Still today they are thought to bring good luck.
Many brides cany silver horseshoes at the wedding.
The position of the horseshoe is very important
It must point upwards like a cup.
The luck cannot fall out.
How clever are dolphins?
Dolphins do have fairly large brains.
There are many stories about dolphins.
The stories are ancient.
The stories are modem.
They are about dolphins saving sailors from drowning.
They are clever to do tricks.
We have all seen how clever they are since the film Flipper.
The truth is that dolphins are no more intelligent than rats.
The rats can also be trained to do tricks.
The stories about them are true.
They rescue people.
They automatically rescue anything.
It is about the same size as themselves.
Sometimes they kill sharks.
Then they immediately try to rescue them.
16.
How many new words enter the English language every year?
No list is kept.
It is unfortunate.
In France there is the Academie Francaise.
It approves new words.
In England there are only dictionaries.
The most authoritative of these is the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).
It has 20 volumes.
It doesn’t make rules about the language.
It simply records the development of English worldwide.
It accepts about 4000 new words (or new meanings) every year.
The OED has readers in all English-speaking parts of the world.
They record repeated uses of new words.
The new words also include technical terms.
Some words take a surprisingly long time to enter the OED.
‘Acid rain’ was first used in 1859.
Its usage was rare for over 100 years.
It didn’t appear in dictionaries until the 1980s.
What man-made things on Earth can be seen from Space?
Men first flew to space.
The only man-made object visible from orbit was believed the Great Wall of China.
They were amazed to discover that.
This is a nice idea.
This is not true.
The Great Wall is mostly grey stone in a grey landscape.
It is very difficult to see even from an aeroplane.
It is very difficult to see when an aeroplane is flying at a mere 15 km above.
What can be seen when you are orbiting the Earth?
When you are orbiting the Earth from about 200 km up you can see the fires of African desert people.
You can see the lights of fishing boats off Japan.
You can see a fence.
It is a very long wire fence.
It is in Western Australia.
• It marks farmland on one side.
It marks desert on the other side.
Combine the following sentences to form a coherent biography of Ernest Hemingway. Reorder the information if necessary. Divide it into paragraphs.
Ernest Hemingway was bom in 1899.
He was bom in Chicago.
Chicago is a city in Illinois.
He had a middle-class upbringing.
His father was a doctor.
All his life Ernest Hemingway rebelled against the morals of his parents.
He rebelled against the conventions of life in Chicago.
He graduated from High School in 1917.
He didn’t go to college.
He was impatient for a less sheltered environment.
He went to Kansas City.
He was employed as a reporter.
He was a reporter for the Star.
The Star was a leading newspaper.
Working for the Star gave him invaluable vocational training.
He wanted to be a soldier.
He was rejected for military service.
He had poor eyesight.
He became an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross.
He was injured in World War I.
He was decorated for heroism.
Ha was fascinated by war. He worked as a war correspondent.
He reported wars in Spain, China and Europe.
Many of his books were about war.
For Whom the Bell Tolls was written in 1940.
It was his most successful book.
It was about a volunteer American soldier in the Spanish Civil War.
It dealt with the comradeship of war.
A Farewell to Arms is about the pointlessness of war.
He won the Nobel prize for literature in 1954.
He suffered from depression towards the end of his life.
He loved life, but was obsessed with death.
He committed suicide in 1961.
///. REPORTING
Report the dialogues. Mum’s WORRIES!!!
Mum: Oh, dear! I hope everything will be all right. You’ve never been abroad before.
Jim: Don’t worry, Mum. I’ll be OK. I can look after myself. Anyway, I’ll be with Anthony. We won’t do anything stupid.
M: But what will you do if you run out of money?
J: We’ll get a job, of course!
M: Oh, what about if you get lost?
J: Mum! If we get lost, we’ll ask someone the way, but we won’t get lost because we know where we’re going!
M: Oh. All right. But still...how will I know you’re all right?
J: When we get to a big city, I’ll send you a postcard.
M: But Jim, it’s such a long flight to Istanbul!
J: Mum, as soon as we arrive in Turkey, I’ll give you a ring!
M: I’ll be so worried until I hear from you.
J: It’ll be OK, Mum. Honest!
Pandora
Dialogue 1. The story begins at a Charity Premiere for Tom Houston's new film. My photograph was in every newspaper but when my agent sent me to Apollo records ...
Secretary: Good morning.
P: Good morning. I'm Pandora- I’m here to see Mr. Gold... erm...
S: Goldstein?
P: Yes, that’s it. He's expecting me and Fat Sam.
S: Fat Sam?
P: My manager. He's parking my car.
S: Could you spell Pandora, please?
P: Sure. P-A-N-D-O-R-A.
S: Was that T or D?
P: D. Look. Here's Sam now. We are already late!
S: Please, wait a second, {on the phone) Pandora and Fat Sam are here for you. Yes. All right, fine. I'm sorry. Mr. Goldstein is busy at the moment. George Michael is here.
F.S.: But we've got an appointment.
S: Mr. Goldstein is sorry. Can you come back at 10 tomorrow?
F.S.: Yes. Is it possible?
P: Sam, have you forgotten? We've got an appointment with Michael at 10 tomorrow.
F.S.: Michael who?
P: Michael Jackson, of course.
F.S.: But Pandora, we ...
P: Come on. Let's go.
Dialogue 2. Mr. Goldstein telephoned me every day for a week. We went to see him and soon I was the new star of Apollo Records, but at home things were just the same.
Mum, I'm home.
Did you have a good day, dear?
Yes, it was really great. Look, this is the cover of my new album. What do you think?
Well, I'm afraid, I don't like it. Dear.
Why?
Well, I'm afraid it's not really you, dear. Look, erm... Will you take the rubbish out? It's in the bag.
But Mum, what do you mean you don't like it?
Your hair is everywhere. And you know I like to see you in nice clothes.
But Mum, it’s the fashion. They are nice clothes.
Will you please take the rubbish out?
Self-access Grammar Guide 1
for 3rd Year Students 1
CONTENTS 3
1.1. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION 4
g) 20
1.5. CAUSE, EFFECT 36
1.7. RELATIVE CLAUSES 71
1.9. OPINION MARKERS 82
Chapter 2 86
CHAPTER I: REVISION TIME! 99
REVISION! 115
CONDITION 120
Good luck! 126
Self-access Grammar Guide 129
for 3rd Year Students 129
Dialogue 3.
Goldstein: Right, I called you here today because I believe you can do something useful, erm ... for the world.
Pandora: Really? What?
Goldstein: I think you can help to save the rain forest.
Pandora: Rain forest? What rain forest?
Goldstein: the Amazon forest. Look! I can see the headlines now: ’’Pandora saves the rain forest!” It will be great for sales of the new album. What do you think?
F. Sam: That’s a great idea, Mr. Goldstein. A really great idea. I like it. Hey, Pandora?
Pandora: I’m not sure.
Goldstein: Why not? Don't you agree?
Pandora: I’ll think about it.
Goldstein: Ok. Give me a ring. I’m having lunch with Madonna.
A few minutes later in the lift.
F.Sam: Why didn’t you agree?
Pandora: I was never good at geography. I don’t know where the Amazon is!
Dialogue 4, Soon life changed. I could buy the things I wanted.
Pandora: Mum, I’m going to a pet shop to buy a dog. Will you come with me? Mum: We haven't got room for a dog.
Pandora. Oh, Mum, why can't we look?
Mum: All right, I'll come.
In the shop.
Mum: We want a dog for a small house.
Shop: There are nice dogs for small houses.
Pandora: I don’t like them. They are too small. Have you got anything bigger? Shop: How about this one? She is very friendly.
Mum: Oh, she's so sweet. Don’t you like her?
Pandora: No, she’s not quite right.
Shop: and these?
Pandora: No, they are not what I want.
Shop: Well, I’m sorry. We can't help you.
Pandora: Wait. That one there. That’s just what we want.
Mum: Pandora, that dog will be enormous when it’s older!
Shop: Erm ... that's really not a dog for a small house.
Pandora: Don't worry. I'll buy a bigger house. How much is it? I'll take it.
KEYS
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
Ex.l: 1. much; 2. a lot; 3. even; 4. much; 5. far; 6. at all; 7. by no means; 8. any...any; 9. no; 10. a little; 11. by far.
Ex.3:
High level positions are stressful at times, but professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Although high level positions are stressful at times, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
High level positions are stressful at times. However, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Despite the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Despite the fact that high level positions are stressful at times, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
In spite of the stressful nature of high level positions, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
High level positions are stressful at times. Nevertheless, professionals can learn to manage their stress levels.
Ex.4:
He went to school today, even though he didn’t feel very well.
He always did his best at school whereas most of his school friends were lazy.
He didn’t pass the exam in spite of the help I gave him.
Admission was free. However, few people attended the lecture.
He agreed to go climbing, although he hated heights.
Not everybody thinks the building is ugly. On the contrary, some people say it looks marvellous.
Ex.5: 1.despite/ in spite of; 2.whereas; 3. although/ even though/ though/ in spite of the fact that/ despite the fact that; 4. however/ on the other hand; 5. on the contrary; 6. despite/ in spite of; 7. though; 8. whatever; 9. while/ whereas; 10. although/ though/ even though; 11. on the other hand; 12. on the contrary; 13. nevertheless.
Ex.6: 1. like; 2. unlike; 3. neither; 4. in contrast; 5. both; 6. similarly; 7. neither; 8. nor; 9. like; 10. unlike.
TIME
Ex.2
So do you ever go to the college of an evening on the days you're working?
This came on the day I got my last bank statement.
He arrived at the moment the Civil Service was preparing radical administrative changes.
At the moment my husband proposed to me, I said, "Yes, I'll marry you."
The first time I came here, I had the best night's sleep for months.
Matty enjoyed talking to Mr Halloran, whom he met on the days the greengrocer brought his van around.
There was a wave of dissatisfaction with President Bush's economic policy at the moment that policy was starting to come right.
Ex.3 Suggested answers.
1 After; 2 the minute; 3 as soon as; 4 after; 5 as soon as; 6 once; 7 the moment; 8 as soon as; 9 the minute; 10 as soon as; 11 once; 12 after; 13 immediately; 14 the instant; 15 after; 16 once.
Ex,4
1 after; 2 later; 3 afterward; 4 subsequently; 5 afterwards/later.
Ex.5 since - с тех пор как
until - до тех пор, пока не
Ex. 6.
1 the moment; 2 whenever; 3 after; 4 once; 5 while; 6 until; 7 as soon as; 8 before; 9 by the time; 10 just as.
Ex. 7
1 as long as; 2 until; 3 as soon as; 4 hardly when; 5 when; 6 before; 7 until; 8 while; 9 by; 10 by the time.
Ex.8
As soon as he woke up, he jumped out of bed. - The moment he woke up, he jumped out of bed - When he woke up, he jumped out of bed.
Ex.9
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
No sooner had he begun speaking than he was interrupted again.
Whenever we touched upon this topic, he became furious.
While opening the door he was wondering what had made Mrs. Oliver visit him.
He promised to call once he reaches his destination.
What did you do when the thunderstorm began?
His case won’t come to court for several months, and in the meantime most of the people think him guilty.
Since Colin red this article he’s refused to eat meat.
I’d hardly closed my eyes when the phone ran again.
They’ll be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
CONDITION
Ex.l a)
1 when; 2 cannot be rewritten; 3 when; 4 cannot be rewritten; 5 cannot be rewritten; 6 when; 7 cannot be rewritten;
b)
1 if; 2 when; 3 when; 4 ifi'when; 5 if; 6 when; 7 if; 8 when; 9 when.
Ex.2
in case; 2 if; 3 in case; 4 if; 5 in case; 6 in case; 7 if; 8 if; 9 in case; in case.
Ex.4
suppose; 2 if so; 3 suppose; 4 supposing; 5 otherwise; 6 otherwise; 7 if not; 8 supposing that; 9 if so.
Ex.5