- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
It's Time to Take a Holiday!
Would you like to come on holiday with me?
Don’t worry. Of course you can take a holiday.
Don't forget to take a holiday, will you?
You should take a holiday.
Are you going to take a holiday?
It's all right by me if you take a holiday.
Actually, I’d rather you took a holiday.
I thought you were going to take a holiday.
Taking a holiday would be a good idea.
You really must take a holiday.
At Work.
I'll certainly give you this report tomorrow morning.
If you type this letter out for me, I'll buy you a drink, OK?
Actually, you can't enter this room. It's for personnel only.
I'm most awfully sorry, but it seems I've broken your fountain pen.
There's no sense in writing it all ~ it would be just a waste of time.
Make sure that you won’t start giggling during the interview.
All right, if you want me to, I don't mind going with you there.
Why don’t you phone him and make an appointment for tomorrow?
REPORTING A CONVERSATION
Exercise 7. When reporting a dialogue we use a variety of linking devices to make a smooth text. Study the following examples.
A ‘I’m exhausted’, she said to him. “Can you make me a cup of tea?’
She claimed that she was exhausted and asked him to make her a cup of tea.
В ‘I’ll take a taxi home. It’s getting late’, he said.
92
He said that he would take a taxi home because/ as/since it was getting late.
С Mr Adams: Can I talk to Mr Stephens?
Secretary: I'm sorry, but he is not here. Would you like to take a message?
Mr Adams: No, thank you. I need to see him in person.
Mr Adams asked to talk to Mr Stephens. His secretary said that he was not there and offered to take a message. But Mr Adams declined, explaining that he needed to see him in person.
Exercise 8. Compare the conversation below with the reported one. What
would you have done differently?
DOING UP THE SITTING-ROOM
Anne We ought to have the sitting room done up, George. The wallpaper’s beginning to peel and paint’s scratched in some places where the children have been playing.
George yes, it looks a bit of a mess, darling, doesn’t it? I’ll do it up as soon as I have a weekend free.
Anne I didn’t think you would have time to do it yourself, George. And you always lose your temper if things go wrong. Wouldn’t it be better to leave the job to somebody else?
George Do you mean that I’m not capable of decorating the room myself?
Anne Of course not, darling, but I hate to see you working at the weekend when you are tired.
George To tell the truth, I’ve had rather a lot to do lately.
Anne I’m glad you agree. I’ve enquired at a shop in Market Street and they’ve quoted a very reasonable price. So I’ll tell them to come round next week.
Anne told her husband, George, that they ought to have the sitting-room done up. The wallpaper was beginning to peel and paint was scratched in some places where the children had been playing. George agreed that it looked a bit of a mess and said he would do the room up as soon as he had a weekend free. Anne said that she had not thought he would have time to do it himself. She added that he always lost his temper if things went wrong. Perhaps it would be better to leave the job to someone else. George thought she meant that he was not able of decorating the room himself but she said that was not true. Her reason for saying it was that she hated to see him working at the weekend when he
was tired. Then George admitted that he had been feeling rather tired. Anne took advantage of this to say she was glad he agreed with her. She had already enquired at a shop in Market Street and they had quoted a very reasonable price. She would tell them to come round the following week to do the job.
Exercise 9. A conversation below is written in reported speech. Write what you think the speaker actually said. You should use the account in reported speech as a guide but take the opportunity to make the conversation as realistic as possible.
Clive Wells, a television interviewer, welcomed viewers to his programme and then introduced his guest, James Stanford. Stanford had been one of the country’s leading Shakespearean actors for many years. However, it appeared that he had never made a film. Stanford corrected this impression. In fact, he had just finished making his first film, a spy picture. Wells asked him if he had found it difficult to get used to the new medium and Stanford replied that at first he had, because it is hard to act for a camera and technicians when one is used to a live audience. He compared it to being on television. Wells asked what the film was about. Was it a historical spy picture? Stanford said that for once he was playing a modern part, that of a counter-espionage agent. In conclusion, Wells asked him why he had made the extraordinary change from theatre to films and from Shakespeare to a modem spy drama. Stanford said he had done it for money, the same reason why he was appearing on Wells’s programme.