- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
Do you know why...?
Exercise 3. Make the use of the following ideas to form a coherent paragraph.
A: Why do they drive on the left in Britain?
The reason for this goes back to those days when people travelled by horse.
Most people are right-handed.
The left is the natural side to ride on.
You are on a horseback.
You need your right hand to hold a sword in case of trouble.
Why didn’t the rest of the world do the same?
The reason was Napoleon Bonaparte.
N. B. insisted that his armies marched on the right.
N.B. marched through Europe.
N.B. imposed this rule wherever he went.
Adolph Hitler did the same.
A.H. did it in the twentieth century.
A.H. took over a country.
Signs reading "Rechts fahren” were put up.
The question suggests that only the British drive on the left.
There are 178 countries in the world.
There are about 50 countries where people drive on the left.
Most of the countries are former British colonies.
They drive on the left in Japan.
B: Why do women live longer than men?
Women generally live longer than men.
Boys are the weaker sex.
Boys are the weaker sex at birth.
More die in infancy.
Women don’t have as much heart disease as men.
Men smoke more than women.
More men die of smoking-related diseases.
Men drink more.
Men are more aggressive in behaviour.
Men are more aggressive in behaviour when driving cars.
They are likely to die in accidents.
They generally have more dangerous occupations.
Building work is an example.
Historically, women died in childbirth.
Historically, men died in wars.
Nuns and philosophers often lived to great ages.
Nowadays childbirth is less risky.
Nowadays there are fewer wars.
There is a country with the highest life expectancy.
The country is Japan.
The average age for men is 76.
The average age for women is 82.
C: Why are women better liars and negotiators than men?
Women generally are more perceptive than men.
The fact has given rise to a quality.
The quality is commonly known as women’s intuition.
The quality is particularly evident in some women.
They have brought up young children.
A mother relies largely on non-verbal channels of communication.
Many women develop an ability to decipher non-verbal signals.
They develop an accurate eye for small detail,
Few husbands can lie to their wives.
Few husbands can get away with it.
Many women can pull the wool over a man's eyes.
The man doesn’t realize it.
Women often become perceptive and skilled negotiators.
They are better negotiators than men.
D: Why do people learn languages?
People have many different reasons for learning languages.
Students have no choice. Language plays a key role in the curriculum.
The knowledge of a second language offers the possibility of advance in professional lives. English is the international means of communication.
People move abroad. They move temporarily. They move permanently. They have to learn the target language.
People learn a language for pleasure.