- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
3.1. Compressing sentences
Exercise 1, Combine the following messages so as to form a more natural sounding descriptive paragraph.
A: Elzeard Bouffier
Elzeard Bouffier was a shepherd.
He was poor. He was solitary.
He lived in the mountains. The mountains were barren. (infertile)
They were in southern France.
Elzeard had a love of nature.
He had an incredible idea.
During his life he planted thousands of acorns.
The acorns grew into a forest of oak trees.
The forest made the countryside rich and fertile again.
He died when he was 89.
B: A Millionaire Writer
Alan Higgins is a writer.
He is famous. He is a millionaire.
He comes from the north of England.
He has gone to live in the USA.
He has written twenty-five novels.
His novels have been translated into five languages.
Hollywood is going to make a film of his latest novel.
The film will star Sunny Shaw.
Sunny Shaw’s last film was a big box office hit.
The film was called Hot Night in the Snow
B: Do You Know This about Oxford?
Oxford is a city.
It is a city in the south of England.
It is on the River Themes.
It has a population of 100,000.
The city is famous.
It has one of the oldest universi-
ties in the world.
It has lots of other old buildings.
It has the Bodlean Library.
The Ashmolean Museum was built in 1683.
Oxford was once the capital of England.
Not many people know this about Oxford.
Charles I made it the capital.
It was the capital from 1642 till 1645.
It has the Ashmolean Museum.
Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
graph.
A: Chocomania
Imagine doing a check among young. Chocolate is soft, sweet, fresh.
friends.
The check is random
If you do this you might discover an
amazing thing.
There’s one addiction.
It affects most people.
The addiction is not alcohol.
It’s not nicotine either.
It’s chocolate.
Most people can’t resist it.
They eat it quite regularly.
The habit has the effect on your pocket. It has the effect on your waistline.
It is not harmful.
It’s not illegal.
Most chocolate addicts have at least one ‘fix’ a day.
They get away happily with it
B: Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?
Intelligence might be inherited. It is partly inherited. Scientific studies suggest it.
Intelligent parents are likely to have intelligent children,
Some information about this has been gathered.
There have been studies of twins.
The twins were identical.
They were brought up separately.
They grey up in different environments.
Their school results were often remarkably similar.
С:
One
in Ten Million
1.
It
was the last day of the school term.
13.
His
father was chatting on the
2.
Timmy
was eleven.
phone.
3.
He
stayed home.
14.
Timmy
wandered in.
4.
He
had a cold.
15.
He
picked up the gun.
5.
It
was a rainy day.
16.
He
turned it round.
6.
His
mom thought he’d better not
17.
He
pulled the trigger.
go
to
school.
18.
He
died.
7.
His
father stayed at home too.
19.
It
happened in an instant.
8.
He
was out of work.
20.
The
police didn’t charge any-
9.
He
looked for odd jobs to do.
body
with any crime.
10.
The telephone rang.
21.
It
was simply an accident.
11.
The father was getting out his old gun. 22.
It
was one of those things.
12.
He was going to clean it.
23.
It
was one chance in ten mil-
lion
D: A Naturalist is Worried about the World
David Attenborough is a naturalist.
David Attenborough has been travelling the world for seven years.
David Attenborough has produced a lot of television documentaries.
The television documentaries have been shown in 37 countries.
David Attenborough is very worried about our world.
He is depressed by what human beings are doing to out world.
Human beings are cutting down too many trees.
Human beings need firework to cook.
Human beings need firework to keep themselves warm.
Trees are being cut down all over the world.
Areas of forests the size of Scotland disappear every year.
Trees are like umbrellas.
Trees protect good soil.
Rain washes away good soil.
Good soil becomes desert.
People cannot grow crops.
David Attenborough believes people in the West are short-sighted.
Governments are spending some money on conservation.
This money is not enough.
David Attenborough believes all people will suffer f rom the lack of trees.
The trees and forests can never be replaced.