
- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
Though although
It seemed that the new government was the only topic the King would allow
to be spoken of, at the same time he would say almost nothing about it
himself.
The tour continues through some beautiful wine towns whose vineyards can
be visited and wines tasted. In truth, , the opportunities for tasting are
fairly infrequent in this part of the tour.
It was such a pleasant town, barely a city, even ....it was the capital.
for that matter no matter
We haven't been a real world power since the end of the war, what
we've pretended.
For some unexplained reason, how hot it would get, Eric never
seemed to perspire.
The cabin was unlocked. It didn't even have a lock
in case in any case
She went on with her search, knocking on each door before entering the room the occupant was lying down, or perhaps asleep.
But perhaps you have a private number just something interesting
which I could pass on emerges in any conversation or discussion I might have.
The pale furnishing colours they had enjoyed in their last house were not going to be practical here ...they wanted something different.
given (that) granted (that)
She has health problems .....that's not her fault, but all the rest is.
) theory consists of a set of ideas, those ideas must come from somewhere.
I don't see what I can do for you,.. .....you have, I repeat, no evidence.
all the same at the same time
"I don’t suppose you’ve any facts to support that?” ”No hard evidence,” Brand admitted. ”I thought not I’d like to hear your story for myself.”
The only person I could think of asking was my husband, and yet he
was the one I was supposed to be running away from.
"There’s nothing to be done for him. He’s dead: This is one time the kiss of
life won’t help,” she said. " , you were splendid trying to save him like
that."
above all after all
Each sentence ought to be balanced, so that it sounds right if it is read aloud;
it should end before a reader runs out of breath it should say exactly
what it means, in the simplest way.
He earned a reputation for sound, logical and honest performances in
the House of Commons.
He was beginning to feel foolish about criticizing the police , what
did he know about questioning murder suspects?
in the meantime meanwhile
The BBC are trying to get independent confirmation of this story; ,
please do not use this version.
One of his ventures was an overseas bank. His son Nigel directed it. another of his sons, Ernest, was sent to prison in Hong Kong for corruption.
We need a new system which takes into account the real educational needs of London’s children , the government should stick to the present arrangements.
Exercise 4. Some linkers have more than one meaning. Find expressions which best explain the different meanings of the linkers underlined. Here are some suggestions to help you:
all the time when although although... greatly because earlier than from the time when in order that in the way that more or less the same as provided that rather than
the whole time that whereas with the result that
Example: a) As he drew closer, picking his way through the rocks, he could see that his son was excited.
He felt ashamed that he had not offered to serve in the French army as many other settlers had done.
Meaning: a) All the time when.... b)..in the way that
I haven’t been back since I left before the war as a girl.
Water containing high levels of nitrates or nitrites should not be given to babies, since these minerals increase the risk of blood disorders.
Meaning: 1) 2)
In the centre of the lawn a figure stood motionless. It must have stood there as long as she had.
He didn't care what the flowers were, as long as they were yellow.
Meaning: 3) 4)
She held the telephone firmly against her ear so that no telltale sound could leak out.
The effects of time and blackcurrant juice have healed her throat, so that she can speak normally again now.
Meaning: 5) 6)
He looked young and earnest, much as he'd always done.
You will always be welcome when you get back but much as I should like to see you, I believe it is best for you to stay where you are.
Meaning: 7) 8)
They’ll kill you sooner than let an outsider cause trouble.
The Bank is likely to lower interest rates sooner than expected.
Meaning: 9). 10)
While chemical control of pests is not the only option, its use far outstrips other techniques.
Meat and bread prices will go up three times, while tea, butter, and cigarettes will cost double.
Meaning: 11) 12)
Exercise 5 Make use of the linkers to complete the sentences.
as though even though for In case lest so
until wherever yet on condition that
We had no worries about where to get off. we were to be met by
our uncle.
She wore black of course, and she looked enchanting. He guessed, correctly,
that Veronica never looked anything but enchanting, black suited
her best of all.
I got here too early. I left home in plenty of time I have trouble
finding the place.
They were allowed to play anywhere in the park it have a special
playground.
A six o'clock start got him to the aiiport with half an hour to spare he bought two newspapers.
He would have to avoid saying anything to Ginny he bring the
same fate on her.
He slashed the air with his sword............. it was a whip.
Nancy followed them, keeping a safe distance, sticking close to the trees there were any.
I will decide what programme of work will be carried out. You will not take any action ....you have precise instructions from me. Is that clear?
I will live with you you never look inside my handbag without
my permission.
Exercise 6. Choose the best connector to combine messages.
She was a good judge of character and felt he spoke the truth. Be- sides/Instead/Nevertheless she didn’t care for him.
The traffic was so heavy that the driver went slowly and was often forced to stop. Soon, furthermore/however/moreover we were on a faster road, and we picked up speed.
She had thought she would be grateful for their company on the drive back to Algiers, but for one thing/instead/likewise they were making her nervous.
You can now telephone our credit card hotline on 0121 414 6203. Accord- ingly/Altematively/Equallv complete the order form and return it to the address printed.
Tom’s mother had been determined that he should not become a coal miner like his father and brothers. Accordingly/All in all/At the same time, she had sent him away to live v/ith her sister, who was married to a shopkeeper in Hereford.
I believe my career has been well spent. At last/At least /At the same time that is my view.
As one grows older, so all the body processes slow down and food is less well utilized than it once was. Extra vitamins are in addition/instead/therefore needed to compensate for this.
The recent recession has destroyed a high proportion of vacation jobs. Hence/However/Nonetheless, we would expect student debt to be on a sharp rise at present.
I take my two dogs with me everywhere I go. Even so/For that matter/So my friends are pretty used to them by now.
That’s why I've come here today, to tell your mother that her brother needs more money. Well, that's my excuse, also/anyway/indeed.
This was not a well-travelled road. Even so/For example/ Moreover, it was an extremely dusty one.
Disappointingly, though, the symptoms continued; indeed/otherwise/ similarly it is only in the last few weeks or so that I have been free of them.
It is appropriate at the end of this important period to reflect upon a major development of benefit to all aircraft, namely/likewise/ or rather, navigational and automatic piloting equipment.
He pulled a small enamel box out of the pocket of his jacket and placed it on the table in front of him. Next/Then again/Thus he tore a blank page from his notebook and folded it in two.
We will ensure that anything you ask for is delivered directly to your hotel room. Likewise/Otherwise/Thereby, if you wish to visit the ballet or opera, this too will be arranged.
Chapter 3 MAKING A TEXT