- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
Some more opinion Markers!
"Do you know Davina Norris ?"— "Of course I do. Everybody knows Davina Norris." (= "That’s so obvious, why say it?")
Obviously, at an eighty per cent tax rate there's going to be a lot more tax evasion.
She clutched something against her chest. It was a grey manilla envelope, and whatever it contained was clearly the cause of all this anxiety and tension.
Each was wearing a long white coat and one had a stethoscope round his neck. They were unmistakably doctors.
All sorts of stories seem to go around. Maybe people make them up because nothing is actually known.
Quite likely, however, the refugees may resist making contact with charitable organizations.
Here is, potentially, a machine with something approaching a real brain.
Truly, love is blind.
Many of them wrongly assume that the surviving partner w'll inherit whereas, in reality, he or she may receive nothing.
Surely you don’t think I went off in my swimming costume, murdered my husband and pushed him into the water, and then returned to change?
Food and drink culture in Britain is surely changing, has surely changed over the last two decades.
12) Food and drink culture in Britain is surely changing, has surely changed over the last two decades.
13) ’’Teaching from a blackboard is boring and undoubtedly turns people off,” he claimed.
Without any doubt there is need for further change in Europe.
15) Apparently your father was warned, but never said a word.
He stayed here a short while. Presumably he booked in like every other visitor.
A woman could rub this material into her face and it would supposedly eradicate the lines on her face.
18) Although theoretically the land was owned by the State, the nobles and the monasteries held large estates, and peasants also owned land.
19) I can recall a time when officially your position didn’t exist.
Ideally, the school should have spacious, open buildings and be in open grounds.
It was nominally a non-political trip, but this did not unduly inhibit the President’s campaigning style.
There is no evidence that he knew, though it remains hypothetically possible.
The diet consists basically of fresh meat, fish, fruit and vegetables, with water to drink.
24) Essentially, given the potential of modem technology and large-scale producing organizations, there is no technological reason for hunger or inadequate shelter, medical care and the like.
25) Angel and I were off to another life, another world, which was hopefully a much happier one than the one we had known at the orphanage.
strangely, the idea that she might have left Berlin did not occur to me until I got to the station.
2) I smiled and kissed him. Funnily enough, I was suddenly very hungry.
3) Suddenly and inexplicably I began to sob. I hadn’t cried for years and why now?
Incredibly, it seems that he was unaware that he had shaken off his pursuers.
5) Rose was mostly liked and respected as an employer, but inevitably she had her critics.
There was silence round the table. Predictably it was broken by Janet.
"His throat's been cut," I said unnecessarily, just to say something.
I begged him to see another doctor. Characteristically he was unwilling, 1
Everybody thinks you ought to take a holiday in any case. Will you come? All expenses paid, naturally.
Once when she slipped, her bicycle headlamp fell out of her pocket and skidded away down the track; luckily it wasn’t broken.
Sadly for company morale, and perhaps for its future ability to recruit the best graduates, shocked employees read about the sackings in tho newspapers.
Miraculously, ten survivors had crawled out of the terrible wreckage, hysterical, astonished to be alive.
Mercifully there is no snow on the ground. Walking should not be hard, j
Tragically and unexpectedly he died six months later.
And ironically, the evidence suggests that, by feeding animals and our* selves with antibiotics the bacteria and viruses develop resistance, so new drugs have to be invented
Conveniently, he had developed amnesia about that part of his life.
Suspiciously, the "sickness" rate jumps sharply on Fridays and Mondays
The anxious expression on the doctor's face made her, ridiculously, feel sorrier for him than for herself.
Grab a friend, preferably a fellow job-seeker, and run through severe mock interviews. Keep switching roles. Practise, practise, practise.
11) The blackmailer had stupidly left his name and address on the magazine, and I tracked him down.
12) In those days it was childishly believed that if government went round every industry to ensure that its exports exceeded its imports then, hey presto, balance of payments problems would disappear, (i.e. People were childish to believe this).
A waiter threw a plate of curry at one of the customers, who not unreasonably felt aggrieved.
Chapter 2
COMPRESSING IDEAS (COHERENCE)