- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
1.8. Discourse markers
Exercise 1. Try to find the correct definition match for these linking words and think of appropriate Russian equivalents. Then check your answers in the table below.
By the way, incidentally In other words
Anyway, in any case
At least
The thing is
In fact, indeed
Or rather
Actually
But In fact
As a matter of fact
All in all, in short
And indeed
provides an example of the 1st sentence
summing up points already made
adding precise information
correcting wrong information
admitting smth embarrassing
disagreeing with an opinion
used in the 2nd sentence to strengthen the 1st
used to contradict the idea in the previous sentence
admitting the facts, but still having doubts about them
organization linker, showing the order of one’s points
shows what happens after a long wait or effort (+\- result)
suggests a contrast earlier or later
suggests a long wait with positive outcome
Namely |
14) narrative linker used to describe a film A |
|
book, play |
Firstly, secondly |
15) add extra points (might mean very import |
|
tant ones) |
Such as |
16) main point linker meaning “whatever the |
|
truth may be ” |
Finally, eventually |
17) main point linker acting as explanation of |
|
the previous sentence. |
Especially |
18) comes before the exact word |
At last |
19) explains a point in simpler language |
Including |
20) comes after the exact word before a de |
|
script ion |
At the start, at the end |
21) weakens the previous statement, which |
|
may be too categorical |
In the beginning, in the end |
22) indicates similar characteristics |
At first |
23) corrects the 1st sentence by giving more |
|
exact information |
At the beginning |
24) means “in particular |
used for inclusion |
|
in a word |
25) tells us the chronological point |
Last but not least |
26)suggests an umbrella nomination for a |
|
number of points |
in the first place |
27) organization linker, introducing reason |
For example, for instance. |
|
e.g. " (— exempli gratia ") |
28) introduces a further explanation or jus |
|
tification for the statement |
to start with, to begin with, |
|
for a start |
|
A fter all |
|