- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
I’m looking for something
We planted some birch trees will clean leather.
_ grow tall very quickly.
Exercise 11. Make each pair of sentences into one sentence without using who(m) /which /that
You asked me to get you a paper. Here's the paper. (Here's ...)
You recommended a film. We went to see the film, but we didn’t think much of it. (We went...)
My sister bought a new car last month. The car has broken down four times al ready. (The car...)
You didn’t recognise an actor on television last night. The actor was Paul Newman. (The actor...)
Jane had some friends at school. Only a very few of the friends went on toi university. (Only...)
My father had an operation for his heart problem. The operation was only a partial success. (The operation ...)
Mark wrote an essay while we were on holiday. The essay has won a prize in the school competition. (The essay ...)
My daughter brings friends home. Some of the friends look as though they never wash. (Some of...)
Exercise 12. Read the sentences and answer the questions.
The rosebush Sue gave to my little sister is growing beautifully. (Who or what is growing?)
The two tall men we saw with Duncan and Jack were their nephews. (Who are the uncles and who are the nephews?)
The man my mother was working for before she met my father was very intelligent, but also very disorganised. (Who was disorganised?)
A woman who lives near my sister has just won the national lottery. (Has my sister won the lottery?)
The newspaper which first made contact with the kidnappers telephoned the police immediately. (Who telephoned?)
Police called to a house in Aston, Hampshire, after neighbours reported cries for help found 18-year-old J... E... stuck in a cat-flap after being locked out of his home. (Who found him?)
Exercise 13. Correct or improve the sentences if necessary. Tick any which are already correct.
4. There is very little that escapes the senior partner's eagle eye.
5. He'll be playing with the same racquet, with which he always plays.
6. Next Tuesday I'll have to visit the dentist again which I detest.
7. That's the man who’s dog I look after in the summer.
8. The reason which I’m tired is that I didn’t sleep well last night.
9. The town which Shakespeare was born is called Stratford-upon-Avon.
10. There’s the place which Sam’s car broke down.
11. The office the boss works is very luxurious.
12. Jane, mother is my hairdresser, is getting married next month.
Exercise 14. Odd man out. Underline the word in each line which is not suitable. Give your comments.
1.In spite of although despite whilst as soon as
2. when as long as whose immediately before
3. therefore so as to in order that for
. since consequently therefore as a result
5. on account of so...that due to because
6. as if even though as though