- •Isbn 5-88242-418-5
- •In addition to the fact that you
- •Including, even
- •1. 1. 2. Exclusion
- •Restriction
- •I.1.4.Alternatives
- •Comparison and contrast
- •L comparison Comparative structures
- •1. 2.2. Contrast
- •Anyway;
- •In any case.
- •Although Los Angeles is one of the smoggiest cities in America, many famous movie stars and musicians live there.
- •The Hummer is a dangerous and gas-guzzling car. People are buying
- •1.3.Time
- •Condition
- •If or when?
- •1.5. Cause, effect
- •1.6. Purpose
- •1.7. Relative clauses
- •(A) Put in nothing at all, or (b) if that is not possible, put in that, or (c) if that is not possible, put in who(m) or which.
- •1.8. Discourse markers
- •These two show that we are coming (or returning) to the main point, and that what we have just said is not so important. The meaning is often "whatever the truth may be ".
- •Anyway is used mainly in speech. In any case can be used both in speech and in formal writing.
- •We sometimes use anyhow and at any rate in conversation with the same meaning as anyway.
- •In the twenty-first century spaceships will visit all the planets, including Pluto.
- •It was late at night when he caine home. Or rather, it was early in the morning. (The second sentence corrects the first by giving more exact information.)
- •I don't like him. In fact, I can't stand him.
- •I'm going to stay with someone I know in Paris. Actually, he’s my cousin. (Adding precise information; we could also use as a matter of fact here.)
- •1.9. Opinion markers
- •Some more opinion Markers!
- •Truly, love is blind.
- •2.1.Reference
- •I. Mary will not 2. Wife
- •Though although
- •3.1. Compressing sentences
- •Exercise 2. Make the use of the following ideas to produce a cohesive para-
- •A: Chocomania
- •Do you know why...?
- •Problems, problems...
- •3.2 Reporting what people say, think or feel
- •Indirect report structures with reporting verbs
- •It's Time to Take a Holiday!
- •At Work.
- •Compare the Interview below with the reported conversation above.
- •I'm broke!
- •Below is a report written by a hotel inspector. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the list given below the report.
- •In the movie review below, the linking words and phrases are missing. Choose the most appropriate word or phrase from those given below the review.
- •Below are two short interviews on the same topic. Fill in the blanks with words from the list below that show the interviewees’ attitude to what they are saying.
- •Should laws restrict where people can smoke?
- •Put a linking word or phrase in each blank below so that the relationship between the statements is clear. Choose from these words:
- •Choose the correct linking word from the options given below in the letter.
- •II. Compressing sentences
- •Why are horseshoes believed to be lucky?
- •How clever are dolphins?
- •We’ll never see each other again unless I go to Australia.
- •(Remember: nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •This year’s fall in profits was not unexpected. It is very disappointing.
- •Third year final mock grammar test (Remember: still, nothing is more important than staying calm during an exam)
- •Link the sentences, making a text.
- •Fill the gaps with appropriate linkers and connectors.
- •Turn the dialogue into a story.
- •I Actually is used especially in speech, (a) when we want to add exact details to something we've just said, (b) to soften a reply, when we disagree with someone, correct someone, or admit
1.6. Purpose
1. He went to France to learn French.
2. He sent his sons to a boarding school in order/so as to have some piece. (He, not his sons, was going to have some peace.)
Compare:
He sent his sons to a boarding school to learn to live in a community. (Not he but his sons were to learn to live in a community.)
He sent a telex in order/so as not to waste time.
3. They left the door open in order for me to hear the baby.
4. I have lit the fire in order that/so that the house will be warm when they return.
I recorded the match so that I could watch it later.
Criminals usually telephone from public telephone boxes so that the police wan't/can 't/don’t trace the call.
He changed his name so that his new friends wouldn’t/couldn't/shouldn't know that he had once been accused of murder.
5. Computers are used for processing information.
went to the shop for some bread.
6. I lived in the city centre to avoid being too far from my job.
She locked herself in her room to prevent him (from) disturbing her.
7. I always keep candles in the house
in case there is a power cut.
They left early for fear that they would meet him.
to-infnitive clauses are most frequently used to express purpose.
so as / in order are not very common. They are used when there is a personal object but we want the infinitive to refer unambiguously to the subject.
However it is more usual to say: He sent his sons to a boarding school because he wanted to have some peace.
In order/so as construction is essential with a negative infinitive to express a negative purpose.
in order for...to can be used when the subject of the infinitive clause is different from the subject of the main clause.
in order that (more formal)/ so that clauses are necessary when the person to whom the purpose refers is different from the subject of the main clause, or when the original subject is stated again.
When the main verb is in a present or future tense will/can/may( form.)/ shall(form.) or present simple are used in the subordinate clause.
When the main verb is in a past tense woulil/could/niight/should are used.
The purpose which something serves for (general purpose) is often indicated by for+-ing-form or a noun).
avoid+ing-form (verbal noun), or pre- vent+0+from+ing-form are used to express negative purpose.
In case and for fear that are used to refer to an action carried out as a precaution against something.
Exercise 1. Purpose clauses: SO AS, IN ORDER, so THAT, IN ORDER THAT, IN CASE, FOR FEAR THAT. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence.
Example: He turned out the light. He didn’t want to waste electricity. He turned out the light so as not to waste electricity.
He tied a knot in his handkerchief. He hoped that this would remind him to meet the train.
He killed the men who helped him to bury the treasure. He wanted nobody but himself to know where it was.
He left his rifle outside. He didn't want to frighten his wife.
We had no cups but he gave us coconut shells. He said we could drink out of them.
He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to save the child.
He read only for short periods each day. He didn't want to strain his eyes.
The farmer put a scarecrow up in the Field. He wanted to frighten the birds.
The boys are collecting sticks. They intend to put them on the fire.
He changed his address constantly. He wanted to elude the police.
They evacuated everybody from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce the risk.
.He sent his children to his sister’s house. He wanted them to watch the television programme.
The town council has forbidden coal fires. They are trying to keep the air clean.
He invented a wife and six children. By this trick he hoped to avoid paying income tax.
He didn't tell her he was going up in the spacecraft. He didn’t want to alarm her.
Put the cork back. Someone may knock the bottle over.
The airfield authorities have put arc lights over the damaged runway. They want repair work to continue day and night.
You ought to take some serum with you. You may get bitten by a snake.
We keep a spade in this house. There may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
We put bars on the lower windows. We didn’t want anyone to climb in.
You should carry a jack in your car. You may have a puncture.
21.She tied a bell round her cat's neck. She wanted the birds to know when he was approaching.
22.1 have put wire over my chimney pots. I don't want birds to build nests in them.
23. The burglar cut the telephone wires. He didn't want me to call the police.
24.The manufacturers have made the taps of their new gas cooker very stiff.
They don't want young children to be able to turn them on.
5. Never let children play with matches. They may set themselves on fire.
26. The debate on education has been postponed. The government want to discuss the latest crisis.
27. The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes. He wanted the pedestrians to be able to cross the road.
28. Barbara jammed on the brakes. She didn’t want to run over the cat. (for fear)
29. The police have barricaded the main streets, because they didn’t want the demonstrators to march through the town. (prevent)
. There’s no sense boring you any longer with the exercise, so it’s the last sentence. (avoid)