Self-access Grammar Guide

for 3^rd Year Students

Учебное пособие (Издание 4-е, исправленное и дополненное)

ББК 81.2 Англ

Self-access Grammar Guide for 3^rd year students: Учебное пособие (Изд. 4-е, испр. и допол.) / Сост.: 0.0. Борискина, С.Л. Лукина, НИ Овчинни­кова, Н.С. Черникова. - Воронеж: "ИСТОКИ", 2008. - 129 с.

ISBN 5-88242-418-5

Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей. Первая часть представляет со­бой сборник материалов, подготовленных для решения учебных задач по соз­данию и передаче текста на английском языке. Вторая часть содержит описание средств выражения возможных отношений между частями текста в английском языке и предназначена для самостоятельной работы студентов по закреплению навыков языкового оформления таких отношений в устной и письменной речи. Пособие сопровождается ответами к большинству заданий и образцами кон­трольных тестов.

Навыки по освоению текстовых отношений являются неотъемлемой ча­стью коммуникативной компетенции изучающих английский язык по специ­альностям «Перевод и переводоведение», «Филология», «Лингвистика и меж- культурная коммуникация».

ББК 81.2 Англ

Печатается по решению научно-методического совета факультета романо­германской филологии ВГУ.

€

Isbn 5-88242-418-5

> Коллектив авторов, 2008 © Издательство «Истоки», 2008

This Self-access Grammar Guide accompanies the Extensive Guidance & Practice in Grammar of Text for 3^rd year students to provide assistance as well as pleasure in studying grammar of text.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. COMBINING MESSAGES: COHESION

1. INCLUSION / EXCLUSION

1. ADDITION

2. EXCLUSION

3. RESTRICTION

4. ALTERNATIVES

2. COMPARISON / CONTRAST

1. COMPARISON

2. CONTRAST

3. CONCESSION

3. TIME

4. CONDITION

5. CAUSE&EFFECT

6. PURPOSE

7. RELATIVES

8. DISCOURSE MARKERS

9. OPINION MARKERS REVISION

CHAPTER 2. COMBINING MESSAGES: COHERENCE

1. REFERENCE

2. ELLIPSES

CHAPTER 3. MAKING A TEXT

1. COMPRESSING SENTENCES

2. REPORTING

з

Chapter 1

COMBINING MESSAGES: COHESION

COMPRESSING IDEAS WITHIN A SENTENCE

To make a text look and sound a cohesive whole, an advanced learner of English is required to master a variety of syntactic patterns and techniques.

(an experienced learner of English)

1. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

   1. INCLUSION / ADDITION

The following table lists the most common ways of adding elements of infor­mation together in English.

1. Napoleon was bom in Corsica and died on St. Helena.

Seek, and you shall find.

2. The sports field is for both boys and girls.

3. It’s made of plastic and also leather.

The shop also sells classical records. He is also very shy.

She not only loses her temper but she also gets violent.

4. Did you see the accident too? Yes, I saw it as well.

5. I lost my passport as well as my money.

Besides damaging the doors they also broke the windows.

In addition to the fact that you

disobeyed me you also told a lie.

In addition to fruit, chimpanzees occasionally eat meat.

1. And can be used to join two or more words, phrases or clauses. If there are more than two, and is only used before the last one; the other items are sepa­rated by commas.

2. Both is used to combine two things or two groups of things.

3. Also normally precedes the word to which it refers. If it refers to a verb it is placed immediately before the verb, but after the verb be, the first auxiliary verb or modals. The expression not only ... but also is a more emphatic form.

4. Too and as well are used in informal English and normally come at the end of the sentence.

5. As well as, in addition to and besides may be followed by a noun or -ing form. By adding the phrase the fact that they may also be followed by a clause contain­ing a subject and a verb.

In addition to sounds rather formal, techni-

What languages do you know be­sides English?

We should invite Steve as well as Tom.

6. a) It isn’t a particularly nice dress; besides it’s very expensive.

It’s too expensive and what’s more I don’t like it.

They didn’t do the work properly; on top of that they made a mistake on the bill.

She doesn't know many people; also she’s very shy.

b) The government’s policy was un­popular. Moreover, it wasn’t even supported by all the ministers.

The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore it is in a bad location.

The weather was bad for the jour­ney. In addition, they had problems with the car.

cal or scientific; it suggests an exact total. Besides is more “everyday” than in addi­tion to; it does not give the idea of counting an exact total.

As well as expresses addition in a very general way; it suggests “equally with” or “in the same way as”

6. a) Besides may also be used to establish a link between two separate clauses or sentences. In this sense it is used to put forward an additional argument/reason to reinforce what has already been said. It is placed at the beginning of the second clause. Other linking expressions which can be used in the same way are: what's more, as well, on top of that, also.

b) In more formal English moreover, fur­thermore and in addition have the same function and can begin a sentence, but there is a slight difference in their mean­ing: moreover and furthermore are used when two equally important facts are given; in addition often comes in a list of actions.

So, neither/nor

1. a) Mike works in Leeds and so does Phil. (= Mike works in Leeds and Phil does too).

The pubs have closed down and so have the restaurants. (= The pubs have closed down and the restaurants have too).

The food tasted horrible and so did the wine. (= The food tasted horrible and the wine did too).

b) She reads ’The Guardian', as do all her friends.

The living room was very dirty, as was the kitchen.

2. a) I don’t smoke and nor does my

1. Two clauses can be linked using other structures if the subjects of the two clauses refer to the same verb:

1. So can be placed at the beginning of the second clause. It is followed by the auxiliary verb used in the first clause and by the subject of the sec­ond clause.

2. In more formal English as may be used in a very similar way but with­out and.

2. a) When the first clause is negative

wife. The Americans won’t par­ticipate and neither will the Rus­sians.

The unions don’t agree with the policy and nor does the government.

b) He didn’t believe me and you did­n’t either.

Billy can’t swim and Lucy can’t ei­ther.

neither/nor are used instead of so. Since they are already negative the verb following them is in the affirma­tive form.

b) There is an alternative negative structure in the second clause ( not either is used instead of neither).

Else, more, another

1. I have spoken to Jenny. Who else should I tell?

He said he was sorry. What else did he

say?

Barry and Mike are coming and some­body else too.

2. Tell me when you have read those books and I’ll give you some more.

Is there any more tea?

Two more customers entered the shop

3. Can’t you stay for another hour? I’m staying for another few days.

Will you bring another two glasses?

1 .Else is often used in the sense of 'in addi­tion’. It follows the word to which it refers, usually a question word or a compound of some/any/every/no. Else expresses the concept of addition or inclusion of some­thing different from what has already been mentioned.

2. More is used to express the idea of an additional number or increased amount of the same element. In this sense more is used after quantifiers and numbers

3. Another may also express the idea of an additional quantity. It is normally used with singular count nouns; with a number or few it can be followed by plural nouns.