Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.

• If the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future –in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The action expressed in the subordinate clause can be simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause ,prior or posterior to that of the principal clause.

• Simultaneous Action

I knew that he lived in Kiev (ол Киевте тұрады)

He said that they were waiting for us (олар бізді күтіп жатыр)

I knew that he had been living in Kiev since 1946 (ол Киевте 1946 жылдан бері тұрады)

He said (that) he had known her for two years (ол оны 2 жыл біледі)

• Prior Action -

He said that he had already left Astana (ол Астанадан кетіп қалды)

I knew that - it had been raining (жаңбыр жауғанын)

He said that she had been ill for two weeks (ол екі жұма ауырды)

• Future Action

I knew that they would arrive on Sunday (олар жексенбі күні кледі)

He said that they would be working at 6 (сағат 6-да олар жұмыс істейтінін)

I knew that he would have translated the article by Monday

(ол бұл мақаланы дүйсенбіге аударып келетінін)

• Study how the Tenses are changed according

to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

Present Indefinite – Past Indefinite

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

Past Indefinite – Past Perfect (or stays the same)

Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect – (does not change)

6. Time and place changes:

here - there

this –that

these –those

now -then, at that moment

today –that day

yesterday -the day before/the previous day

a year ago –a year before

last night –the previous day

The Sequence of Tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth or something is represented as habitual, customary. The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 C.

Ex. 5. Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in this clauses. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry's brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was itching to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in 2 or 3 days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

Ex. 6. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.

1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with the satisfaction of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He sought pleasure in the simple and natural things that life offers to everyone. 4. Monty told me that he had no permit for the gun, and that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but we sat there because it is difficult to go without any particular reason for leaving. 6. Billy folded his arms and leaned back. "I told you I do not like milk".

Ex.7.Make an action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses.

1. I thought you (have)better sense. 2.She could not imagine what he (to do)there.3. I’ve forgotten what he (to look) like.4. I didn’t know whether the doctor (to mean) whether (to say) or whether he (to have) joke at my expense.5. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so much at home here.6.He asked me what work I (do) and whether I (intend) to go to a university. 7.I was surprised you (to know) my name.8. He told his father that now he (to make) ten dollars a week less.9. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (to be) unwell and (not to live home).

Ex.8.Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

1.When I went into the office next morning I already (to formulate) my plan.2.Well, I don’t think I ever (to see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (to think) she (to make) a mistake. 4. She knew what (to go) on in their minds.5. So I went into the living room, where my aunt already (to wait) for me.6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (to return) from abroad.7. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (to feel), and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday.

Ex.9. Translate the following into English observing the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

1. Ол маған тарихқа қызығатынын айтты. 2. Ол оның не ойлайтынын білді. 3. Ол өте тез арада келетінін айтты. 4. Мен оның Лондонда тұратынын білдім. 5. Мен оның (қыз) Сан-Францискода тұратынын білдім. 6. Ол (қыз) маған онымен сөйлескенін айтқан жоқ. 7. Мен ол одан (қыз) хат алып тұрады деп ойладым. 8. Мен олар мені шақырады деп ойладым. 9. Мен жұмыс жасап жатқанына күмәнім болмады, сондықтан бөлмесіне кірмедім. 10. Ол біз бір-бірімізді бала кезден білетінімізді білген жоқ. 11. Оның онымен ұрсысып қалғанына өкінетініне менің күмәнім болды. 12. Мен ол шаршап қалды деп ойладым да, одан бүкіл уақыт бойы не істегенін сұрадым. 13. Мен ол сонда біраз уақыт болды деп ойладым. 14. Ол олардың шешімін неге ауыстырғанын түсіне алмайтындығын айтты. 15. Менің оны күтіп жатқандығымды ол ұмытып кетті деп күмәндандым. 16. Ол Филлдің осында болатынын білетіні-білмейтіні маған мәлім емес.

Ex.10. Complete the sentences

1. They noticed they … (fly) for three hours already. 2. Tom said that it … (take) him an hour to get to the station. 3. She asked them if they ……. (play) tennis in the afternoon. 4. Mary asked her brother if he …… (can) tell her the way to the shop. 5. Peter and John told me they …… (go) to the Kremlin the day before yesterday. 6. Mother said she ….. (have) a bad headache. Don't bother her. 7. Dorothy asked Margaret if she ……. (be) going to buy a new dress in the nearest future. 8. They told us they ……. (visit) the Tretyakovskaya gallery next Sunday. 9. Jack said that he already ……. (write) the letter. 10. They asked if the work …….. (finish) by tomorrow.

UNIT 13

GREAT BRITAIN

Texts: Who are the British? A tradition of immigration.

The city of Sheffield.

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

Who are the British?

Most people in Britain are English, Scottish or Welsh, but in some British cities you can meet people of many different nationalities. There is one London street, less than 300 meters long, with businesses run by Arabs, Greeks, Indians, Italians, Jamaicans, Nigerians, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, as well as British.

But is Britain a cosmopolitan society? It really depends on where you go. There are large areas of Britain untouched by immigration. In 1991, 5.5 per cent of the 57 million populations described themselves as belonging to an ethnic minority of Caribbean, African or Asian origin. However, in Scotland, Wales, the north and south-west of England only 1 per cent of the population belongs to an ethnic minority. Most members of ethnic minorities live in the South-East. In Greater London, they represent 20 per cent of the population.

London's immigrants come from inside and outside Europe. There are almost the same numbers of Irish immigrants (3.8 per cent of the population) as Black Caribbean immigrants (4.4 per cent of the population). Many so-called "immigrants" are born in Britain: more than 36,000 Londoners born in Britain describe themselves as "Black British" instead of "African" or "Afro-Caribbean".

A tradition of immigration. People have been coming to Britain for centuries: some to get a better life, some to escape natural disasters, some as political or religious refugees. Many Irish people came to England in 1845 to escape famine, but usually they came to find work. Most of the roads, railways and canals built in the nineteenth century were made by Irish workers.

The greatest wave of immigration was in the 1950s and 1960s. This happened not only in Britain, but also throughout Western Europe. Many companies needed people for unskilled or semi-skilled jobs. Britain advertised, particularly in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean, for people to come to Britain and work. Other people came from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Hong Kong. Many people came to Britain in the 1950s to work in hospitals, on the buses or for the railways.