Раздел 5: Экономическая география

Тема 1: Мировые культуры

THE WORLD CULTURES

1. Прочитайте текст“The World Cultures”. Подберите заголовок к каждому абзацу. Один заголовок лишний.

a) Material culture and nonmaterial culture

b) Ethnic groups

c) Language

d) Art galleries

e) General ways of living

f) Art

g) Cultural features

h) Religion

2. Переведите текст, используя словарь.

The world cultures

1) The study of geography involves much more than a study of the earth's physical features. Just as important is a study of the earth's various cultural features. Every human group leaves a distinct imprint on the earth. The earth's cultural variety finds expression in different population trends, social characteristics, political systems, and economic systems.

2) Humans can be divided into many ethnic groups – that is large groups of people who have more in common with each other than they do with other peoples. Some ethnic groups differ physically from others. All humans are born with certain physical differences. They differ in height, skin, eye and hair color, features of the face and other ways. Other differences between human groups are differences in culture.

3) Culture is the sum of what a human group acquires through living together including language, knowledge, skills, art, literature, law, customs, and life styles. When studying about a group's culture, it helps to divide culture characteristics into two categories – material culture and nonmaterial culture. Material culture includes all the physical objects that people make. Examples of material culture include buildings, clothing, tools, paintings, etc. The ideas of a society – expressed in its language, values, political and economic systems, and so on – make up its nonmaterial culture. Both material and nonmaterial culture tell us a great deal about a society's way of life.

4) In spite of the differences all human cultures have found the same general ways of living on the land. They have developed some kind of clothing, shelter and methods of preparing food. They all have a spoken language – even though it differs from place to place. Nearly all human groups have developed some kind of art, music, and religion.

5) Both spoken and written the language makes it possible for people to communicate with each other. Scientists have identified over 3,000 different languages in the world today. Some languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people. Other languages are spoken by millions of people. They include English, which is the official language of many countries around the world. Most of these languages began in one area and then spread to other parts of the world. Languages that have the same origin are called language families. The two largest language families in the world today are the Sino-Tibetan family, spoken mainly in Asia, and Indo-European family, of which English is a part. Language is never static. It always changes and develops.

6) Like language, art could vary from place to place. Eskimos would carve a face on a piece of driftwood to be used as a fishing float. For a ceremonial dance, West Africans would carve a mask out of wood and decorate it with copper. American Indians would wear ornaments they made out of shells, feathers, and animal bones. The objects out of which different peoples made their art depended on local resources. But the designs could come from people's imagination.

7) From the tropics to the tundra, humans looked up at the sky and wondered where the stars came from, and what would happen when they died. As each group faced these questions, it began to develop its own religion.

3. Определите, являются ли предложения истинными или ложными.

a) The earth's cultural variety finds expression in different population bands, social characteristics, political systems, and economic systems.

b) People differ in height, skin, eye and hair color, features of the face and culture.

c) Examples of nonmaterial culture include buildings, clothing, tools, paintings, etc.

d) Scientists have identified over 8,000 different languages in the world today.

e) Language is always static, it never changes and develops.

f) The objects out of which different peoples made their art depended on local resources.

4. Соедините пары.

population одежда

language население

knowledge общаться

skill традиции

art знание

law умение, опыт

customs общество

clothing язык

tools кров

paintings рисунки

values закон

shelter ценности

religion политическая система

communicate инструменты

society религия

political system искусство

5. Дополните предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

ways of living, human group, art, material culture, ethnic groups

a) Culture is the sum of what a ____ acquires through living together including language, knowledge, skills, art, literature, law, customs, and life styles.

b) ____ includes all the physical objects that people make.

c) In spite of the differences all human cultures have found the same general ____ on the land.

d) Like language, ____ could vary from place to place.

e) ____ is large groups of people who have more in common with each other than they do with other peoples.

5.Тема 2: Население

HUMAN POPULATION

1. Прочитайте текст “ Human population: challenging the balance”. Подберите заголовок к каждому абзацу. Один заголовок лишний.

a) The rate of population growth during last centuries

b) Population today

c) Approximate population number in future

d) Medicine increases the duration of life

e) Pollution reduces the population