Vocabulary

distributed forces розподілені сили

concurrent одночасний, співпадаючий

coplanar в одній площині

determine визначати

net torque корисний момент

3. Answer the questions.

1. What is this article about? 2. . What is called force? 3. How is the word "pressure" defined? 4. Does pressure act only in one direction? 5. What is pressure caused by? 6. Is pressure associated with gases only? 7. How are the given physical units expressed in letters (abbreviations)? 8. By what formulae (singular ─ formula) are these physical quantities calculated?

4. Write and retell an abstract of the text using scientific terminology. Use the expressions below.

object (choose, concept), aim (discover, conditions), subject (show,

specifics), material (serve, interacting bodies, liquid), actuality (define, designing and exploitaion of mechanisms), concrete tasks (reveal the

expressions of the concept, describe the mechanism, model the content

of the concept), problems, theoretical significance, practical application,

methods (measurements, calculations, logical operations: comparison, reason, consequence), your contribution, the conclusions.

5. Find in the text the equivalents of the Ukrainian words and expressions.

дія тіла на, стан спокою чи руху тіла, паралельно напрямку сили, провести лінію через точку, відноситься до кількох сил, послідовність операцій, на одиницю площини, діяти під прямим кутом до поверхні, математична величина, отримати / перевірити результат, розглядати разом, лінія дії, пересікатися у точці, лежати у площині, сила визначається як, занурене у рідину, завдяки ваги, змінювати порядок, розпочинати.

6. Fill in the gaps.

magnitude, action, extent, application, regarded, refers, determining, intersect, represented, includes.

An ____ of one body upon another which changes or

tends to change the state of rest or motion of the body acted upon,

is called force. A force has ____, direction, and place of ____ ; when

the ____ of the place of application is negligible and the force is____ as applied or concentrated at a point. The word "sense" as applied to forces ____ to one of the two directions along the line. Any number of forces considered col­lectively is a system of forces; a system is concurrent or non-concurrent, according as the lines of action of the forces do or do not ____ in a point. A resultant never ____ more than two forces. The process of ____ the lines of action, and senses of two concurrent forces

acting on a rigid body are ____ by OA and OB.

7. Match the notions and their definitions.

1) force, pressure, work, energy , power, friction, elasticity.

2) the resistance to the horizontal force applied to the body at rest on the horizontal surface; the property of bodies of returning, after unloading, to their initial form; any action that causes the change of the rate or direction or speed of bodies; the capacity of a system or body for doing work; quantity of work done in a minute af time; moving some object by force through a distance; the force per unit area.