In the middle ages 41

exchange professors in vogue. William of Cham-

peaux taught philosophy successfully in the cathe-

dral schools of Laon and of Paris, and in the abbey

of St. Victor in Paris; Theodoric of Chartres was

professor at Chartres, and also at Paris; William

of Conches and Gilbert de la Porree went to Char-

tres and to Paris; Adelard of Bath was at Paris

and at Laon ; Peter Abaelard — the knight-errant of

dialectics, who summoned to the tourney of syllo-

gisms as others of his family summoned to the

tourney of arms — lectured in Melun, in Corbeil, in

his private school at the Paraclete, and he returned

several times to the cathedral schools in Paris.

In the time of Abaelard, the invasion of the

French schools by foreigners had reached its height.

Above all, the influx of English students was ever

increasing. This was due to the close relations ex-

isting between both countries and to the lack of

educational centres in the British Isles. More than

one remained to teach where he himself was taught.

For example, there was Adelard of Bath, who

speaks of the GalUcarum sententiarum constantia,

and who left his nephew at Laon to master the

Gallica studia while he himself travelled in Spain;*

1 "Meministi nepos, quod septennio jam transacto, cum te in gallicis

studiis pene parvum juxta Laudisdunum una cum ceteris auditori-

bus in eis dimiserim, id inter nos convenisse, ut arabum studia ego

pro posse meo scrutarer, gallicarum sententiarum constantiam non

minus adquireres." Adelardi Batensis de quibusdam naturalibus

quaestionibus, Man. lat. Escorial, O III, 2, fol. 74 R^ Cf. P. G.

Antolin, Catalogo de los codices latinos de la real Bibl. del Escorial,

42 PHILOSOPHY AND CIVILIZATION

also there was the Scotchman Richard of St. Vic-

tor in the mystic cloister of St. Victor in Paris ; and

there was Isaac of Stella, also an Englishman, in

the abbey of Stella close to Poitiers; and the most

famous of all was John of Salisbury, who became

bishop of Chartres after having taught in its cathe-

dral school. Others settled in their native country,

after having studied at Paris, such as Walter Map

and Alexander Neckham. Meanwhile, French

scholars also went to England and settled there;

such were, for example, Peter of Blois and Richard

Dover.^ All of these men agree in recognizing the

importance of the training afforded by the French

schools.

As for Germany, the attraction of French learn-

ing was no less irresistible. Even in the tenth

century the German Emperors recognized this su-

periority, and summoned to their court French

vol. Ill, p. 226. I have not succeeded in finding a copy of the in-

cunabel edition of this interesting treatise.

With the above compare the expression: "Franci(a)e magistri,"

in an unpublished thirteenth century manuscript, in connection with

the difficulty of translating Aristotle's Posterior Analytics (C. H.

Raskins, "Mediaeval Versions of the Posterior Analytics." Harvard

Studies in Classical Philology, 1914, vol. XXV, p. 94.) "Nam trans-

latio Boecii apud nos integra non invenitur, et id ipsum quod de ea

reperitur vitio corruptionis obfuscatur. Translationem vero Jacobi

obscuritatis tcnebris involvi silentio suo pcribent Francie magistri,

qui quamvis illain translacionem et commentarios ab eodem Jacobo

translatos habeant, tamen noticiam illius libri non audent profiteri."

2 J. E. Sandys, "English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans in Ox-

ford," in The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. I, pp.

199 ff.