Intonation of enumeration

Enumeration in simple sentences is represented by a number of homogeneous parts. Each of them is pronounced as a separate intonation group.

The terminal tone of the final intonation group depends on the communicative type of the sentence. The terminal tone of the non-final intonation groups may be different:

The Low Rise or the Mid Level are used for continuative purposes to show that there is more to be said, eg: I bought some _↗socks, | _↗shirts | and _↘ties.

If the enumeration is not completed the final intonation group is pronounced with the Low Rise or with the Mid Level,

eg: You can have po_↗tatoes, | _↗carrots, | _↗cabbages.

In case the speaker wishes the enumeration to be regarded as separate items of interest the Low Fall is used. Such sentences are pronounced in a slow deliberate way and with longer pauses, eg: She has a lot of _↘dresses, | _↘shoes | and _↘hats.

Intonation of adverbial phrases

Adverbial phrases at the beginning of a simple sentence normally form a separate intonation group pronounced with the Low Rise or the Mid Level,

eg > Yesterday | I stayed _↘in all day.

On the _↗side-board | the Browns usually have a bowl of _↘fruit.

In sentence final position the adverbial phrases do not form an intonation group,

eg: I stayed in all _↘day _yesterday.

The Browns usually have a bowl of _↘fruit on the _side-board.

But if the adverbial phrase in the sentence final position qualifies the meaning of the sentence, rather in a manner of an afterthought, added comments, restrictions or clarifications, it is pronounced as a separate intonation group,

eg: Any news of _↗Mary? – She is coming to _↘Moscow | to _↘day.

What shall I _↘do with it? – Send it a_↘way | at _↘once.

Intonation of direct address

Direct address can stand in sentence initial, medial and final positions. In sentence initial position it commonly forms an intonation group pronounced with the Low Fall in formal, serious speech and with the Fall-Rise in a friendly conversation or to attract the listener’s attention,

eg: _↘Students, | switch on the ca'ssette-recorders and 'listen to the _↘text.

_↘Mo_↗ther, | could I go and 'play _↘football now?

In sentence medial and final positions direct address frequently sounds as an unstressed or partially-stressed tail of the preceding intonation group,

eg: Good _↘morning, Mrs. _Wood.

Sometimes intonation groups with direct address in the middle or at the end are pronounced with the Fall-Rise, eg: Shut the 'door be_↘hind you, _↗Peter.

Intonation of imperatives

Commands

1. Commands with the Low Fall (preceded or not preceded by the Falling Head or the High (Medium) Level Head) are very powerful, intense, serious and strong. The speaker appears to take it for granted that his words will be heeded, that he will be obeyed,

eg: Try the _↘other key. (H.L.H.) Come and have dinner with _↘Tom. (F.H.)

2. Commands with the High Fall seem to suggest a course of action rather than to give an order; the speaker does not seem to be worrying whether he will be obeyed or not,

eg: Put some more ^↘milk in it. (H.L.H.)

3. Short commands pronounced with the Low Fall alone sound unemotional, calm, controlled, often cold,

eg: _↘Take it. _↘Stop it.

Requests

1. Requests with the Low Rise preceded by the Falling or the High (Medium) Level Heads sound soothing, encouraging, perhaps calmly patronising,

eg: Don’t _↗move. (H.L.H.) Come and stay with us a_↗gain soon. (F.H.)

2. Requests with the Fall-Rise sound pleading,

eg: _↘Try _↗not to. (No Head) Don’t forget to re _ mind me. (F.H.)