- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
Ex . 17. Pronounce the following words with two stresses:
engineering [,endʒi'niəriɳ] - инженерное дело; технология; техника, машиностроение
application [,æpli'kei∫ən] - применение, использование
fabrication [,fæbri’kei∫ən] – производство
investigation [in,vesti’gei∫ən] - изучение, исследование
condensation [,kɔnden’sei∫ən] – уплотнение; конденсация
polymerization [,pɔlimərai'zei∫ən] - полимеризация
adaptability [ə,dæptə'biliti] - приспособляемость; переналаживаемость
uniformity [,ju:ni'fɔ:miti] - единообразие; однородность
inexpensive [,iniks’pensiv] - недорогой, дешёвый
semisynthetic [,semisin’Ɵetik] - полусинтетический
Ex. 18. Pay attention to the specific pronunciation of the names of some plastics, containing the prefix poly- at the beginning. Train the correct pronunciation.
polyethylene [,pɔli’eƟili:n] - полиэтилен
polypropylene [,pɔli'proupili:n] - полипропилен
polyvinyl-chloride [,pɔli'vainil 'klɔraid] - поливинилхлорид
polystyrene [,pɔli'stairi:n] - полистирол
polyester [,pɔli'estə] – полиэстер, сложный полиэфир
polyurethane [,pɔli'juərə,Ɵein] - полиуретан
polycarbonate [,pɔli'ka:bə,neit] - поликарбонат
Ex. 19. Translate the following word combinations (N+N):
Cp.: materials engineering ‘разработка материалов’ - engineering materials ‘конструкционные материалы’
brick building - building brick
mass concrete - concrete mass
commodity plastic - plastic commodity
engineering plastics - plastics engineering
Ex. 20. Translate the text using a dictionary. Pay attention to the italicized conversion words, like use, build/building, alloy etc.
Metal
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. Steels are the usual choice for metal structural building materials. They are strong, flexible, and if refined well or treated last a long time. Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy.
The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses today.
Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures, and can be seen used in most cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.
Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.
Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness.
Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together. The most commonplace now is cement.
In early construction the type of stone used for a particular building largely depended on its geographical location. They transported stone across the country only for the most prestigious buildings. The most common stones are the ones that can be most easily quarried and cut. Sandstone and limestone are the two most popular materials, although flint, slate, granite and marble can also be used.
Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is most common in basements, base courses, columns and steps and entire facades. Its colour may be gray, yellow, pink or deep red.
Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes. White and black marbles are used for ornamental decoration where the beauty of the marble is shown to its best advantage.
Stonework is not particularly common in modern construction in its traditional form. The cheapest type of wall is made from random rubble where stones of random shape and size are laid in a cement or lime mortar.
On more prestigious buildings it was common to find walls built in ashlar masonry. Ashlar, which is a style not a material, is stone cut with great accuracy and laid on very thin mortar joints. Because of its enormous expense it was normally only used as a facing material and required a structural backing in the form of brickwork or rubble.
The cheapest type of wall is made from random rubble where stones of random shape and size are laid in a cement or lime mortar.