Additional Vocabulary

1. interior/ exterior application – внутреннее/наружное применение

2. composite wood – композитный древесный материал

3. veneer – шпон, однослойная фанера

4. panel – панель; щит, тонкая доска

5. strand – жила, пучок волокон, слой; направление

6. adhesive - клеящее вещество; клеящий материал

7. shredded wood – дробленая, измельченная древесина

8. glue – клей || клеить; склеивать;

9. flooring - напольное покрытие; настил; пол; настилка полов;

10. structural support - опора конструкции; структурная опорная конструкция

11. cladding -наружная обшивка (стен здания); оболочка; плакирование; плакировка; облицовка

12. high-performance высокие эксплуатационные качества; высокоэффективный; высококачественный

13. versatility - универсальность, многофункциональность; разносторонность

14. regular wood - обычная, нормальная древесина

15. sheet – лист, пласт, пластина

16. bond together - связывать, скреплять

17. grain - структура; волокно; фибра; зернистость; грануляция;

18. right angle - прямой угол (90 град.)

19. adjacent - смежный; соседний

20. warping – искривление, коробление

21. odd number – нечетное число

22. face veneer – лицевой слой фанеры

23. back veneer – задняя поверхность, изнаночный слой

24. crossing - скрещивание, перекрещивание

25. equalize - делать равным; уравнивать; сравнивать; уравновешивать;

26. ply - пласт шпона, слой

27. glued laminated timber (Glulam) - клеёные деревянные конструкции, глулам

28. grade – сорт || сортировать, рассортировать

29. season – сушить лесоматериал на воздухе

30. finger-joint – зубчатое соединение (элементов деревянных конструкций); шиповое соединение

31. laminate - изделие из слоистого материала; слоистый материал; слоистый пластик; ламинат;

32. solid timber – массивная древесина

33. cross section - поперечное сечение; поперечный разрез; профиль;

34. beam – балка, перекладина, брус, бревно

35. curve – кривая, изгиб || сгибать, изгибать, согнуть

36. arch – арка, дуга || изгибать дугой; придавать форму арки

37. cross-laminated timber (CLT) - клеёная многослойная древесина с перекрёстным расположением слоёв; клеёная многослойная древесина с продольно-поперечной ориентацией слоёв

38. shavе - срезать тонкую стружку

39. sawn wood – пиломатериалы, чистообрезной пиломатериал

40. plain wood – простая, обычная древесина

41. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) - профилированный клеёный брус;

42. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) - брус из клеёного шпона

43. joist - брус; балка; стропило; лага

44. floor joist - балка междуэтажного перекрытия; ригель пола

45. lintel - перемычка окна или двери; перемычка (окна или двери); косяк; притолока

46. purlin - перекладина; продольная балка, прогон

47. roof truss - висячие стропила; стропильная ферма; ферма стропильная

48. portal frame - портальная рама

Reading Comprehension and Text-Based Exercises

Ex. 16. Say if it is true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. Engineered wood products are important for interior and exterior applications.

2. Engineered wood is sometimes referred to as integrated, as it is comprised of wood veneers, lumber, panels, fibers or strands bound together with an adhesive.

3. Engineered wood products can be found in use as flooring, structural supports, cladding, etc.

4. Engineered wood products offer a high-performance, dimensionally stable and environmentally responsible option for a building project.

5. Structural engineered wood products offer incredible design versatility for architects.

6. Engineered wood is very strong and durable, but not stronger than regular wood.

7. Plywood is made out of thin wooden sheets glued together and compressed.

8. The veneers are assembled with the grain direction in one veneer being at right angles to that in the adjacent veneer.

9. To insure a stable balance construction free of warping, an even number of veneers is used (e.g., 4-ply, 6-ply and 8-ply).

10. The crossing of the grain at right angles tends to strengthen the material used.

11. Glulam is produced by bonding together a number of graded, seasoned and mostly finger-jointed laminates.

12. The glulam laminates are bonded together with the grain running at right angles.

13. Glulam structural members are used as vertical columns or horizontal beams, and as curved, arched shapes.

14. A CLT panel is made from pieces of sawn wood with alternating layers perpendicular to one another.

15. A cross-laminated finished panel is stronger and more dimensionally stable than plain wood.

16. Construction with solid wood is faster and requires fewer workers and lighter equipment and is more affordable.

17. Laminated veneer lumber and laminated strand lumber are produced by assembling wood veneers or strands without a structural adhesive.

18. The grain direction in LVL and LSL is usually perpendicular.

19. The laminated structure in LVL and LSL disperses strength and gives a higher bending strength and stiffness.

20. LVL is never used in structural applications where the high strength and stiffness, long lengths and large section sizes are advantageous.

21. LVL and LSL are advantageous for floor joists, lintels, purlins, roof truss components, and portal frames.

22. Wood products, like plywood, can use trees from the poplar family.

23. It is possible to manufacture engineered products from other vegetable fibers.

Ex. 17. Find key sentences (either in ex. 16 after due corrections or in the text) to make up a summary.

Ex 18. Speak about wood products and their types. Follow the suggested scheme:

• General description and characteristics,

• Properties and special qualities,

• Recommended conditions (if any),

• Advantages (or disadvantages),

• Uses.

Ex 19. Match the words and word groups with the definitions

Words/word groups	Definitions
1. chipboard	a. the wood of trees cut and prepared for use as building material.
2. plywood	b. building material used in laying floors.
3. purlin	c. a thin slice of wood, usually thinner than 3 mm obtained by "peeling" the trunk of a tree.
4. adhesive	d. timber grown with the principal purpose of making wood pulp for paper production.
5. flooring	e. manufactured wood layered in structure made from thin sheets of wood glued together an odd number of plies so that adjacent plies have their wood grain at right angles.
6. truss	f. an engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in specific orientations.
7. seasoning	g. wood from conifers.
8. engineered wood	h. drying lumber either naturally, or in a kiln, to a moisture content appropriate to be used.
9. lumber/ timber	i. a type of paperboard or an engineered wood product also known as particle board.
10. softwood	j. derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding the strands, particles, fibers, or veneers of wood, with adhesives, to form composite materials.
11. pulpwood	k. horizontal structural member in a roof to support the loads from the roof deck or sheathing.
12. oriented strand board (OSB)	l. deviation from flatness due to uneven drying of wood.
13. veneer	m. glue, a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that bonds items together.
14. wood warping	n. a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints.

Ex. 20. Make up opposition pairs matching each word from column A with a word from column B contrary in the meaning.

A	B
interior	unlimited
thin	light
flexibility	unstable
stable	parallel
include	exterior
vertical	small
moisture-resistant	irresponsible
heavy	weak
strong	stiffness
limited	exclude
advantage	low-performance
large	thick
responsible	moisture-absorbent
high-performance	disadvantage
perpendicular	horizontal

Ex. 21. Translate the attributive word groups with noun material:

construction material; fibrous material; locally available materials; low cost material; plant materials; recycled plant material; toxic materials; framing materials; sheet material; sheathing material; raw materials; fingerjointed materials; good quality material; structural material; natural material; hygroscopic material; decorative materials; composite materials; insulation material; modern materials; organic materials; structural material; innovative materials; wood-based materials; flooring material; universal material; traditional materials; high-tech materials; durable material; permeable material; roofing material; light-frame materials.

Make up more similar word groups.

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with words containing like in different uses and its derivatives in different functions. Before doing the exercise find the proper information in dictionaries.

1. Cross-laminated timber panels are like massive plywood boards. 2. Engineered wood is very reliable, unlike regular wood, which can fluctuate in quality. 3. Woods like hickory and oak have more fuel value, because they are heavier (contain more woody material per cu. ft.). 4. Other high-grade plywood such as oak and maple are likewise available for use in cabinet work. 5. Softwoods are derived from a family of trees which produce cones and have needle-like leaves that generally (larch is a notable exception) remain both green and on the tree through the winter; hence the term 'evergreen'. 6. The wood reaches an equilibrium with the indoor environment which reduces the likelihood of dramatic wood movement after a project is complete. 7. There are some decay fungi that can transport water great distances through rootlike structures and destroy wood even when it is not near a source of water. 8. The narrow and medium widths are likely to be more satisfactory where moisture content changes are moderate. 9. Wood porches are especially vulnerable to decay–like failure caused by wood rot or termites–because of exposure to the elements. 10. Furniture includes the movable articles, as tables, chairs, desks or cabinets, required for use or ornament in a house, office, or the like. 11. Wood is a universal material used in construction, as it works great for temporary or short-term units (tool sheds and the like). 12. The choice is easy for those opting for a cabin-like house. 13. Modern light-frame structures usually gain strength from rigid panels (plywood and other plywood-like composites such as oriented strand board (OSB). 14. LVL is much less likely than conventional lumber to warp, twist, bow, or shrink due to its composite nature. 15. While OSB does not have a continuous grain like a natural wood, it does have a specific axis of strength.

Ex. 23. Translate the sentences with the word free in different uses. Before doing the exercise study the proper information from dictionaries.

1. To insure a stable balance construction free of warping tendencies, an odd number of veneers is used (e.g. 3-ply, 5-ply and 7-ply). 2. Cabinetmakers use MDF when they require a shelf or panel free of defects. 3. The surface of MDF is flat, smooth, uniform and free of knots and grain patterns, which simplifies finishing operations, especially for thin laminates. 4. MDF is dense, flat, and stiff, free from knots and is easily machined. 5. People sensitive to formaldehyde emissions should consider low formaldehyde or formaldehyde-free MDF, or consider methods of controlling these emissions through proper finishing. 6. Important properties for wood siding include good painting characteristics, easy working qualities, and freedom from warp. 7. Western redcedar shingles can be obtained in three grades, and the first grade is all heartwood, edge grain, and knot-free. 8. With second grade shingles, three-fourths of the shingle length is blemish free. 9. For soil block to cure uncovered, there must be at least 10 rain-free days. 10. The binder used (not adhesive) can be engineered to be not only toxic free but bio-degradeable. 11. Veneer of any grade may be utilized provided that it is free of active insect attack and decay and is of uniform thickness within each sheet. 12. Veneer of any grade may be utilized provided that it is free of active insect attack and decay and is of uniform thickness within each sheet. 13. To insure a stable balance construction free of warping tendencies, an odd number of veneers is used (e.g. 3-ply, 5-ply and 7-ply). 14. Type D plywood has a bond that is only suitable for internal conditions completely free of dampness. 15. Shelving is a popular application for particleboard because it provides a flat, easy to cut, void free, smooth surface.

Ex. 24. Translate the sentences with the words when and while in word groups with adverbial functions.

1. Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber. 2. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending. 3. Concrete bricks when mixed with crushed stone aggregate are a substitute for natural stone. 4. Defects such as knots, when peeled into a veneer, which is then assembled into LVL, are no longer concentrated in one location. 5. This process can considerably increase the strength and stiffness properties when compared with solid timber from the same resource. 6. Due to insulation, wooden houses fall in the category of low-energy houses that retain heat in winter while being pleasantly cool during summer. 7. Wood is easy to keep clean and helps to maintain an optimum balance of humidity by warming up the room more quickly while keeping condensation to a minimum. 8. Cross-lamination provides excellent two-way strength and stiffness properties, resistance to impact damage, and dimensional stability when wet. 9. Many factors must be considered when designing and constructing wood buildings, including structural, insulation, moisture, and sound control. 10. Some types of soil get soft and expand when exposed to air or water. 11. Use of minimal structural materials allows builders to enclose a large area with minimal cost, while achieving a wide variety of architectural styles. 12. Consider hardness, workability, appearance, stability, fastening properties, and finishing ease when selecting interior woods. 13. In rehabilitating a wood-frame house, the goal is to preserve as many of the historic features as possible while making necessary repairs, upgrades, and retrofits. 14. Waterproofing, dam-proofing and drainage are particularly important when building in wet soils. 15. Wood is a renewable resource which, if properly managed and utilized, can enhance our quality of life, sustain our natural environment, and contribute to the economy.

Ex. 25. Translate the sentences with the for-with-the Infinitive construction. Define the function of the for-phrase.

1. For soil block to cure uncovered, there must be at least 10 rain-free days. 2. There is some time lost waiting for the mortar to dry out. 3. One of the disadvantages of balloon framing as a construction method is the creation of a path for fire to readily travel from floor to floor. 4. Most condominiums are found in provincial areas, and this makes it harder for residents to get to work, especially in rush hour. 5. If the span between load-bearing walls is too long for joists to safely support, then a heavy crossbeam may have to be used. 6. Originally, master carpenters would peg the joints with allowance of approximately an inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it seasoned, then cut the pegs and drive the beam home fully into its socket. 7. Today it is more common for timbers to be bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine-planed on all four sides. 8. Supplying log cabins for you to build yourself, most companies also offer construction services. 9. Houses started burning fiercely and then it was easy for the fire to spread from house to house. 10. City streets had always been narrow, with the houses built close to the street edge and just room for a cart to get through. 11. The warmth of the wooden house is another attraction for people to start making timber-frame houses of their dream.

Ex. 26. Translate the sentences with the words should and would in different functions.

A) 1. In the cold and hot water supply system attention should be paid to the hardness of the water. 2. There is a potential fire hazard with internal insulation and care should be taken in the choice of insulation materials. 3. It should be borne in mind that the rendering material which protects external insulation is subject to relatively large changes in temperature. 4. The fire resisting properties and combustion characteristics of the insulation material should be taken into account. 5. To prevent people falling off the staircase it should have a guard rail either side. 6. In bathrooms and kitchens mechanical ventilation should be used. 7. Timber should be dried-out, or seasoned, to a MC similar to that where it will be used, in order to avoid excessive shrinkage. 8. The floor should provide suitable fire protection to delay the spread of fire. 9. To lessen the possibility of wet rot it is generally accepted that the timber frame should not be covered until the moisture content is at 20% or below.  

B) 1. Once in position the boards would shrink slightly as their moisture content stabilised, 2. In early construction the type of stone used for a particular building would largely depend on its geographical location. 3. Small linear convector heaters are often used in fitted kitchens where a normal radiator would be inconvenient. 4. It would be possible in theory to remove all moisture by increasing ventilation. 5. The Chicago Spire, with 150 floors, would be the second tallest residential building in the world if completed. 6. Tall skyscrapers are very heavy, which means that they must be built on a sturdier foundation than would be required for shorter, lighter buildings. 7. Some projects built using wood veneer would not be possible to construct using solid lumber. 8. And after caves, timber would probably have been one of the first human building materials.

Ex. 27. Translate the sentences with prepositional verbs in the Passive Voice and other sentences with detached prepositions. Mind the correct word order.

1. His skill and experience in building matters can be relied upon. 2. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar, and the term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves. 3. The materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern the units are assembled in can strongly affect the durability of the overall masonry construction. 4. Engineered wood is sometimes referred to as composite, as it is comprised of wood veneers, lumber, panels, fibers or strands bound together with an adhesive to make the end product. 5. Generally, the insulation standards to be applied to the structure should be decided upon before designing the heating system. 6. The first stage is also referred to as the pre-construction stage.

Ex. 28. Fill in the gaps with Participle I or Participle II to suit the context.

CEDAR HOUSE SIDING

The siding of the house is the first thing everyone sees from the outside. It gives a general idea of the house's condition, style and structure. If you want your house to have a cozy feeling, then cedar house siding is (recommending/recommended).

Why use cedar? Cedar has (developing/developed) a reputation as one of the most popular commercial woods available for its many uses. It is a good thermal regulator, so people who live in houses with cedar house siding are more likely to use less on (heating/heated) and air conditioning; as a result, they are able to pay lower electricity bills. Cedar keeps buildings cool during summer and warm during winter. Cedar is less fire-resistant than most woods; it does not help much in the spread of fire and is not (knowing/known) to produce smoke in large amounts. For carpenters, cedar wood is easy to work with: it is easy to be (sawing/sawn) and (cutting/cut) smoothly, nails in cedar last for about one-third longer than those of other wood, and is easily (joining/joined) together by adhesives.

The benefits of cedar house siding. These properties make cedar house siding useful to homes; it is both strong – (being/been) 80% of the strength of oak – and durable. The durability of cedar wood is (attributing/attributed) to natural preservatives in its composition and therefore can resist decay. Native Americans prefer cedar wood for their houses since it has a long (lasting/lasted) effect; some artifacts (making/made) out of cedar wood survive for centuries in great condition. It is very resistant to fungi and bacteria; so pest control is the least of your worries. A (well-treating/well-treated) wood has a good resistance against the adverse effects of weather. In the decorative arena, cedar wood gives more of a traditional look to the building or a house.

Reading Practice

Read through text 3 (Preparing a Wood-Frame House Construction) and then choose the best sentence given below to fill in each of the blanks.

E.g.: 2- b

Text 3. PREPARING A WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION

Wood-frame house construction continues to predominate in many countries. ___1___ In fact, a wood-frame house repre­sents an environmentally responsible choice. Wood is a renewable resource which, if properly managed and utilized, can enhance our quality of life, sustain our natural environment, and contribute to the economy.

Due to a wide variety of homes in terms of style and size, and the differ­ences in building techniques, ___ 2___ Many factors apply, such as whether a single house or a whole subdivision is being built, as well as other factors such as weather, site conditions and the avail­ability of labour and materials.

___3___ It is assumed that a typical two- or three-bedroom house is being built by an average builder employing sub-trades. The steady decline in construc­tion time is due largely to the introduction of sheet and panel goods, such as drywall and plywood, factory-built components such as roof trusses, windows and cabinets, and plastic piping for sani­tary plumbing. Specialized power tools and equipment also helped reduce manual labour. ___4___ If it is a very large or highly detailed building, 20 or more weeks may be needed. On the other hand, completing a small, simple dwelling may only require eight to ten weeks.

There are a number of stages in constructing a house which must be properly planned, co-ordinated and executed by the builder. ___5___ The amount of time needed to develop a complete set of plans, estimate the cost of the dwelling, arrange for financing and obtain a building permit and all other required approvals, will vary consid­erably. Providing access to the building site and arrang­ing for temporary power may also take place during this stage.

It is important for do-it-yourself and less experienced builders to obtain advice on local conditions and practices. ___6___ .

Sentences to be inserted

a) The first stage is also referred to as the pre-construction stage.

d) it is difficult to say exactly what is a typical house construction process.

c) The description of the typical house construction process is based on the wood-frame house construction techniques.

d) In fact, a wood-frame house repre­sents an environmentally responsible choice.

e) It is also important to add in several weeks time to allow for unavoidable delays.

f) Thus, normally, about 16 weeks is required from start to finish.

Read text 4 divided into parts. Find answers to the questions which come before each of the coming passages.