- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Additional Vocabulary
regular ['regjulə] concrete - обычный бетон
lay term - непрофессиональный термин
blinding - гравийно-песчаная подготовка; бетонная подготовка; стяжка, выравнивающий слой, мелкий заполнитель
pre-mixed concrete - предварительно cмешанный; предварительно перемешанный
powdered ['paudəd] cement – порошкообразный цемент
high-strength concrete - высокопрочный бетон
Mpa (megapascal) - мегапаскаль
water-cement (w/c) ratio - отношение, соотношение воды и цемента, пропорция; коэффициент;
silica fume ['silikə fju:m] - микрокремнезем
matrix ['meitriks] - раствор, вяжущее вещество, цементирующая среда
cement-aggregate bond - соединение, скрепление цемента и заполнителя
dense - плотный; густой; компактный; частый
rebar cage [keidʒ] - арматурный каркас
super plasticizer - суперпластификатор; пластифицирующая добавка (к бетону)
high- performance [pə'fɔ:məns] concrete (HPC) - быстродействующий; бетон высокого качества с повышенной удобоукладываемостью
compaction – уплотнение, прессование; сжатие
segregation [,segri'gei∫ən] - расслоение (бетонной смеси)
toughness [‘tʌfnəs] - жёсткость; вязкость; тягучесть; плотность
to carry weight [weit] - нести (элемент, нагрузку); выдерживать нагрузку; сопротивляться воздействию
slab - плита; панель; плита дорожного покрытия; панель перекрытия
beam [bi:m] - балка; брус; перекладина
design challenge [di'zain 't∫ælindʒ] - сложная задача, проблема; серьезное испытание
prestressed concrete - прессованный бетон
net effect [i'fekt] - суммарное воздействие; совокупный эффект
stress condition [kən'di∫ən] - напряженное состояние
satisfy ['sætisfai] - удовлетворять; соответствовать, отвечать (требованиям)
stress limit - предел перегрузки; предельное напряжение
steel tendon ['tendən] – стальная предварительно напряжённая арматура
tensile ['tensail] force – сила растяжения
casting ['ka:stiɳ] - литьё; отливка || литейный
pretensioned [pri'ten∫ənd] concrete - предварительно напряженный железобетон
fast-setting cement - быстросхватывающийся цемент
post-tensioned concrete - напряжённо-армированный бетон с последующим напряжением арматуры; железобетонная конструкция с натяжением арматуры на бетон
Reading Comprehension Exercises
Ex. 16. Say if it is true or false. Correct the false statements.
There are many types of concrete designed for specialist applications.
Regular concrete is produced following the common instructions on the use of cement, water and sand or other aggregate.
The regular concrete can yield strength to about 10 MPa.
Regular concrete of cement and aggregate is never pre-mixed.
Silica fume is used to reduce the strength at the cement-aggregate bond.
Superplasticizers are added to high-strength mixtures to compensate for the reduced workability
High-strength concrete is also high-performance, and all high-performance concrete is high-strength, too.
High-performance concretes have long-term mechanical properties and long life in severe environments.
Reinforced concrete with steel rebars catering for all the stress conditions are very heavy.
Prestressed concrete can overcome the combined tensile stresses, due to own weight and design loads.
The properly designed prestressed structural element satisfies the stress limits for both compression and tension.
In post-tensioned concrete the rebars are applied only later once the concrete has cured.
Ex. 17. A) Rearrange the sentences to make a summery of the text.
B) Make a summary of the text calling to mind the key sentences (ex.17A).