- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
7. Без катализаторов затвердевание бетона может длиться столетиями.
8. Замедлители используются при объемных или затрудненных заливках, где частичное застывание, опережающее полную заливку, нежелательно.
9. Воздухововлекающие добавки вносят и распределяют в бетоне крошечные воздушные пузырьки, которые уменьшают ущерб в периоды таяния и промерзания.
10. Пластификаторы увеличивают удобоукладываемость пластичного бетона, что позволяет легче его укладывать, с меньшими усилиями по уплотнению.
11. Пигменты могут использоваться, чтобы изменить цвет бетона в целях эстетичности.
12. Замедлители коррозия используются, чтобы минимизировать коррозию стали и стальных стержней в бетоне.
13. Поскольку цементу требуется время для полной гидратации прежде, чем он приобретет прочность и твердость, бетон должен дозревать, после того как его уложили и произошло первичное схватывание.
14. Если позволить бетонной поверхности вызреть быстро, это может вызвать напряжение растяжения, что, возможно, приведет к растрескиванию бетона.
15. Кроме того, количество тепла, производимое при экзотермическом химическом процессе гидратации, может стать проблемным при больших заливках.
Ex. 12. Say which of the sentences convey the key ideas of the (text) and which describe details.
Concrete is a construction material with cement, aggregate, water and chemical admixtures.
Both fine and coarse aggregates are used to make up the bulk of a concrete mixture.
Sand, natural gravel and crushed stone are mainly used for this purpose.
Recycled aggregates are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates.
Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement due to a chemical process known as hydration.
It is used to make pavements, architectural structures, foundations, motorways/roads, parking structures, brick/block walls and footings for gates, fences and poles.
Concrete is used more than any other man-made material on the planet.
The water and cement paste hardens and develops strength over time.
Chemical admixtures give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
The most common types of admixtures are accelerators, retarders, air-entrainers, plasticisers, pigments, corrosion inhibitors, bonding agents.
Without accelerants, concrete may take centuries to cure.
Entrained air is a trade-off with strength, as each 1% of air may result in 5% decrease in compressive strength
Cement requires time to fully hydrate before it acquires strength and hardness.
Curing is the process of keeping concrete under a specific environmental condition until hydration is relatively complete.
A moist environment promotes hydration
Excessively high temperature can result in tensile stresses and cause the concrete to crack.
Exothermic chemical process of hydration can be problematic for very large placements.
Interrupted hydration process due to freezing can reduce the concrete strength and leading to scaling and other damage or failure.
Ex.13. Write down the key sentences from the text:
1.
2.
3. …
Ex. 14. Summerise the text. Use the key sentences from the previous exercise as a plan for your rendering.
For more specific information concerning building brick buildings read text 2 ‘TYPES OF CONCRETE’ and get ready to answer the questions following the text and the list of vocabulary.