- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
7. Accelerators speed up ______ (hardening) of the concrete.
8. Air-entrainers add and distribute ______ in the concrete increasing the concrete's durability.
9. Plasticizers increase _______ of plastic concrete to place it with less consolidating effort.
10. ______ are used to create a bond between old and new concrete.
11. A moist environment in curing promotes hydration and lowers ______ for higher quality.
12. Freezing before the curing is complete interrupts the ______.
Ex. 9. Complete the sentences
1. Concrete consists of cement as well as other … .
2. In the chemical process of hydration water reacts with … .
3. The water and cement paste ….
4. Both fine and coarse aggregates are used to ….
5. Recycled aggregates are used as ….
6. Decorative stones such as … are sometimes used as a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish.
7. Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids ….
8. Retarders slow the hydration of concrete and ….
9. Air-entrainers add and distribute … .
10. Plasticizers increase the workability "fresh" concrete allowing ….
11. Corrosion inhibitors are used to ….
12. … concrete must be cured once it has been placed and achieved initial setting. 13. A moist environment durin curing promotes hydration, since ….
14. The amount of heat generated ….
15. Allowing the concrete to freeze before the curing is complete will …..
16. Improper curing can lead to ….
Ex. 10. Complete the following sentences using English equivalents instead of the Russian words and word-combinations. Use Text 1 for support.
1. Concrete is a construction material that consists of cement as well as (других вяжущих материалов, заполнителя и воды и химических примесей).
2. Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing and placement (благодаря химическому процессу, известному как гидратация).
3. Concrete is used more than (любой другой искусственный материал на планете).
4. The water and cement paste (твердеет и набирает прочность) over time.
5. Recycled aggregates from construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as (взамен натуральных заполнителей).
6. Decorative stones (наподобие кварца, мелких речных камней или стекольный бой) are added for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish.
7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
8. Accelerators (ускоряют гидратацию (укрепление) of the concrete. Without accelerants, concrete may take centuries to cure.
9. Retarders slow the hydration of concrete, and are used (при объемных или затрудненных заливках) where partial setting before the pour is complete is undesirable.
10. (Воздухововлекающие добавки вносят и распределяют в бетоне крошечные воздушные пузырьки) which will reduce damage during freeze-thaw cycles thereby increasing the concrete's durability.
11. Plasticizers (примеси, уменьшающие содержание воды) increase the workability of plastic concrete, allowing it to be placed more easily.
12. Bonding agents are used to (скрепить старый и новый бетон).
13. Curing is the process of (выдерживания бетона при определенном состоянии окружающей среды) until hydration is relatively complete.
14. Allowing the concrete surface to dry out excessively (может вызвать напряжение растяжения), which may cause the concrete to crack.
15. Allowing the concrete to freeze before the curing is complete (процесс гидратации прерывается), reducing the concrete strength and leading to scaling and other damage or failure.
16. The effects of curing are primarily a function of geometry, (водопроницаемости бетона), curing time, and curing history.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Бетон состоит из цемента (обычно портлендцемента), а также вяжущих материалов, заполнителя и воды и химических примесей.
2. Бетон твердеет и набирает прочность после смешивания и укладки благодаря химическому процессу, известному как гидратация.
3. Он используется для изготовления тротуаров, архитектурных конструкций, фундаментов, автострад и автомобильных дорог, автостоянок, кирпичных и блочных стен, оснований для ворот, заборов и столбов.