1. A wide range of structures including arches can be built using bricks.

2. Being heavy, masonry must be built upon a strong foundation.

3. Brick and stone can increase the thermal mass of the building and provide good fire protection, too.

4. Brick typically does not require painting.

5. Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).

6. Earlier a high degree of uniformity of brick and accuracy in masonry was typical.

7. Later brick surfaces were made to look rustic with "burnt" bricks, surface treatments.

8. Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.

9. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.

10. Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar.

11. Masonry using irregular stones is known as rubble masonry.

12. Stone masonry using dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry.

13. The mortar consists of sand, a binding agent and water, which is then mixed to a thick paste.

Ex. 19. Speak about bricks and masonry using the plan of ex. 17.

Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises

Ex. 20. Couple the words as synonyms. To the word from colomn A add a word or word combination with the same meaning from colomn B.

E.g.: weight bearing – load bearing

A	B
weight bearing	paint
dressed stone	construction
rustic	amount
fire-resistant	bricklayer
antique	inner
cementitious	stone
plaster	fire-proof
internal	rough
external	binding
motar	load bearing
various	plaster
structure	outer
mason	ashlar
rock	render
pigment	different
quantity	ancient

Ex 21. Match the words and word groups with the definitions

Words/word groups	Definitions
1. brickwork	a. some substance that creates uniform consistency, solidification, or cohesion
2. rebar	b. a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar
3. facing brick	c. irregular fragments or pieces of rock used in masonry or masonry made with such rocks
4. course	d. a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water that hardens to a smooth solid and is used for coating walls and ceilings
5. paste	e. a thin, dressed rectangle of stone for facing walls
6. Binder	f. bricks for the outer layer or coating applied to a surface for protection or decoration
7. masonry	g. a naturally occurring aluminium silicate of fine-grained minerals, which can impart plasticity and harden when fired or dried.
8. brick	h. a metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities, and used especially in architecture and sculpture
9. rubble	J. a rod as tensioning device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures holding the concrete in compression
10. clay	k. continuous horizontal layer of similarly-sized building material one unit high, usually in a wall
11. ashlar	l. stonework or brickwork, also construction done by a mason
12. marble	m. technique or work of constructing with bricks and mortar or a structure made of bricks

Ex. 22. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the noun damage ‘изъян, неисправность, повреждение; поломка; порча; убыток; ущерб; вред; урон…’ and the verb to damage ‘повреждать; портить; испортить; вредить; наносить ущерб; нанести убыток …’

a) 1. Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage. This type of damage is common with certain types of brick, though relatively rare with concrete block. 2. Brick typically will not require painting and so can provide a structure with reduced life-cycle costs, although sealing appropriately will reduce potential spalling due to frost damage. 3. Homes made of concrete resist damage caused by hurricanes, tornadoes and other weather-related events. 4. Wood burns more readily than some other materials, making timber-frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage. 5. Tongue and groove siding is best if you want to secure the wall from further damage brought by weather. 6. Wooden houses cause less damage to life and property if a natural calamity strikes than the concrete houses. 7. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although they need careful handling to avoid damage to the brick and brick-layer. 8. The durability of a roof is a matter of concern and its damage or destruction can have serious effects. 9. The large area of a roof repels a lot of water, which must be directed in some suitable way, so that it does not cause damage or inconvenience. 10. Buildings also may suffer from fire damage in special circumstances.

b) 1. Frost heaving can damage houses, barns, sheds, roadways, concrete slabs, basically anything that is connected to the Earth in a place where the ground freezes. 2. Differential frost heaving can crack pavements and damage building foundations. 3. The type of foundation construction affects how a foundation may be damaged, cracked, settled, or moved. 4. When placing concrete be careful not to damage or move the formwork and reinforcement. 5. After earthquakes most of the undamaged buildings are made of logs. 6. Materials engineers are also involved in design of materials and methods to repair existing structures that may be damaged due to, for example, attack by our aggressive environment, structural overload, earthquakes, storms, etc. 7. Many owners of damaged buildings choose to demolish existing buildings and construct new structures. 8. Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during maintenance.

Ex. 23. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the compound conjunctions both … and, either …or, neither …nor.

A) 1. Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in courses, but a great deal of stone masonry is uncoursed. 2. Plaster is usually applied in two coats for both exterior and interior surfaces. 3. Lime plaster was used in ancient Egypt and by most early civilizations of both the Old and New Worlds. 4. Careful attention to both roof and opening details is necessary to protect the structure from water damage. 5. The density of wood, exclusive of water, varies greatly both within and between species. 6. Wood in service is exposed to both long-term (seasonal) and short-term (daily) changes in relative humidity and temperature of the surrounding air. 7. Ceilings can be produced of many various materials both natural and artificial. 8. Modern complex structures and timber trusses often incorporate steel joinery, for both structural and architectural purposes. 9. The pipework both inside and outside should be protected from frost. 10. Timber stud partitions are an alternative to brickwork and can act as both loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls.

B) 1. Stones are either shaped (dressed) into a block, known as ashlar masonry, or left rough and cut irregularly, known as rubble masonry. 2. Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header). 3. Brick that is damaged can be crushed and recycled and either returned to the manufacturing process to make more brick, or used as a landscaping material in its crushed form. 4. The use of decomposed limestone can be problematic unless modified with either the addition of clay, portland cement or lime if necessary. 5. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is defined as that moisture content at which the wood is neither gaining nor losing moisture; an equilibrium condition has been reached. 6. Heating can be provided by either a central source, or locally. 7. All timber can be classified as either softwood or hardwood. 8. The pressure is applied with either a mechanical or hydraulic system. 9. If the whole of the system is protected by an RCD (Residual Current Device) then when ‘tripped’ there will be neither power nor lighting.

Ex. 24. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to polysemantic functional word as:

1. Modern mortars use cement as the main binding agent although hydrated lime is often introduced into the mix to make it more plastic. 2. The use of bearing piles in housing is very rare as sandy soils are generally ideal for strip foundations. 3. The force of the ice lenses is sufficient to lift a layer of soil, as much as 30 cm or more. 4. The house you own as well as the land it sits on is usually very expensive. 5. As the name implies, single-family homes are ideal for families, especially those with children. 6. There are also those who like semi-detached houses or, as the Americans call them, duplexes. 7. If I lived in a detached house I would certainly build a garage, a summer house, and certainly I would arrange some flowerbeds as I adore flowers. 8. As long as no walls of the structure are connected to another dwelling, the house remains to be a detached house. 9. As time went by, terrace housing evolved and became known as townhomes or townhouses. 10. Stone is an exceptional material, durable as well as aesthetic. 11. Natural stone is also versatile as it has the durability of one hundred to one hundred fifty years. 12. As the climate warms, pile foundations lose their strength and will eventually fail. 13. The primary advantage of using earth as a foundation material is its low cost and availability. 14. Footings must be loaded evenly as eccentric loading may cause tipping and failure. As a natural building material, natural stone contains no pollutants that are damaging to the health. No other building material has as many different colors and structures as natural stone.

Ex. 25 Translate the sentences with the Complex Subject. It is recommended to start the translation with the verb-predicate.

E.g.: In later periods this style was thought to be sterile… Позднее считалось, что этот стиль лишен своеобразия...

1. The construction of the bridge is expected to begin next spring. 2. Every modern building is known to have water, electricity, heating, ventilation and dispose of waste systems and, accordingly, their equipment. 3. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost. 4. Wood is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. 5. In the cold countries we are more likely to find wooden houses. 6. Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. 7. Generally, a site for the dwelling house is considered to be fit for human habitation if it free from dampness. 8. Wood house is considered by many people to be the perfect country or vacation dream home. 9. Although many masons object to 'second-hand' stone, there appears to be no scientific reasons why the material should not be reused. 10. For rooms that are likely to be higher humidity such as kitchens, stone is also likely to be the more practical choice. 11. The quality of concrete is known to depend on the properties of ma­terials it consists of. 12. A wood house is less likely to collapse under the stress of an earthquake. 13. Therefore one is more likely to find wooden houses in the earth quake belts of the world. 14. Experience seems to be the best test; although the science of chemistry may be sufficient for the geologist, the architect is better satisfied with the proofs of time. 15. People who live in houses with cedar house siding are more likely to use less on heating and air conditioning. 16. This research from Germany indicated that the health benefits of living in a solid wood house are likely to be even greater than just the thermal comfort. 17. Good curing is typically considered to provide a moist environment and control temperature.

Ex. 26 Translate the sentences with -ing-forms in different functions.

1. A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. 2. A cement/sand mix of 1:3 will result in the air space within the sand being completely filled by the cement, producing a strong but brittle mortar. 3. The ancient mastery of extracting stone from the ground and working it into a building material requires an understanding of how that specific stone will cut. 4. The high-pressure resistance values of many natural stones have given the material a reputation of being an everlasting building material. 5. Stonemasonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes and then arranging the resulting stones together with mortar to form structures. 6. For efficient handling and laying bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). 7. The wall is built using alternating courses of stretchers, bricks laid longways and headers, bricks laid crossways. 8. Apart from being lovely to look at and wonderful to work in, an amazing building is quite often the product of very clever engineering. 9. More and more land in the UK is being converted to urban areas. 10. Bricks are blocks of clay that have been hardened through being fired in a kiln or dried in the sun. 11. Building with wood is a rich tradition that is still being practised in many countries around the world. 12. Wooden houses fall in the category of low-energy houses that retain heat in winter while being pleasantly cool during summer.

Ex. 27. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the form of the predicate verb and the infinitive in conditional sentences

1. If too little binder is in the mix, the render will be harsh and difficult to apply; too much and it will suffer excess shrinkage. 2. If I lived in a detached house I would certainly build a garage, a summer house, and certainly I would arrange some flowerbeds as I adore flowers. 3. No place can be healthy unless it is dry and damp-proof. 3. In many cases the loadbearing wall will continue up to the roof level to support part of the roof structure (if traditional roofing is used). 4. In addition, if minor cracking does occur in the wall, it is more likely to occur at the joints. 5. If the inside face of the wall cools below a particular temperature then moisture in the air will condense on the cold surface. 6. When stucco is applied to platform-framed two-story houses, shrinkage of joists and sills may cause bulges or breaks in the stucco unless joists have reached moisture equilibrium. 7. If the surface of a wall plastered with dense plaster is cold, then condensation may occur on its surface. 8. Timber framing buildings may also have serious limitations in their insulation levels, unless the spaces between the studs are well insulated (which demands sufficiently large studs). 9. Wood is a renewable resource - if forestry management ensures that more trees are planted than are harvested. 10. If condensation occurs in a roof space it may result in fungal decay of the timbers.

Reading Practice

Read through text 3 (Natural Stone: Far More Than Just Another Building Material) and then choose the best sentence given below to fill in each of the blanks.

E.g.: 1- b

Text 3. NATURAL STONE: FAR MORE THAN JUST ANOTHER BUILDING MATERIAL

Natural stone has been used for every function imaginable, from weapon to a bartering currency. ___1___ The various ways it can be installed in a project are limited only by the creative imagination of the designer and technical understanding of the installer.

Each mason’s workmanship is unlike that of another, and each mason’s project is unlike his last. ___2____The project can be structural, aesthetic, or both. The effect can be powerful or subtle and, yet, ever changing with the mood of the day or season.

Each different kind of stone has its own unique graining. ___3____ The rift will run perpendicularly to the bedding grain of a sedimentary stone. The stone cutter would need to identify the rift in order to successfully cut the stone. This is one example of the knowledge a stone cutter would need.

The master stone cutters who worked the quarries in the United States’ early years are a reflection of the different cultures that helped settle America. Master stone cutters have come from Sweden, Germany, Italy and Ireland, to name a few. ___4____

The many different availabilities of texture, color, hardness and a workable nature of natural stone lend to an ability to express any desired outcome. The abundant choices in appearance and uses of natural stone, coupled with the abounding skills of the mason and creative genius of an architect or designer, present possibilities that no other medium could. ___5____.

The increased availability of natural stone is due mostly to the innovations of stone processing equipment and tooling. ___6____ . Improved methods for quarrying and new ways of processing all of the stone removed from the ground can result in greater profit for the quarries and a greener product than any imitations.

____7____ . It has a history of use that is part of the human race. The stone industry has been able to take advantage of technological advances that improve yield and offer more options. Natural stone is a gracious compliment to any modern setting.

1. Most all stones have a graining referred to as the “rift.”

2. Stone also is timeless.

3. Stone is far more than just another building material.

4. The use of natural stone is as much about people and cultures as it is about the material.

5. These abounding options give natural stone an opportunity to communicate any desired result.

6. These advancements have increased production, lowered costs and made available new products

7. This is one of the remarkable aspects of natural stone.

Read text 4 divided into parts. Find answers to the questions which come before each of the coming passages.

TEXT 4. MORTAR