- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Discussions
What materials are commonly used for foundations in our region? Which are rare?
What does the construction of a foundation depend on? How does it affect the choice of the material and type of foundation?
What would you recommend (concerning the foundation) to your friend if he decides to build a suburban single-family house in Syktyvkar?
Describe in detail the stages in foundation construction, keeping in mind the major requirements.
Unit 4. Brick and masonry
Science is facts; just as houses are made of stones, so is science made of facts;
but a pile of stones is not a house and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.
Henri Poincaire
Bricks and mortar make a house, but the laughter of children makes a home.
Irish proverb
Many natural stones are like good wine.
They only attain their full elegance with advancing years.
Vocabulary to memorise:
external [eks'tə:nl] loadbearing wall - внешняя несущая стена
thermal ['Ɵə:məl] insulation - тепловая изоляция, теплоизоляция, термоизоляция
fire protection – противопожарная работа; пожарная безопасность
walling - возведение стен; обнесение забором
brickwork ['brikwə:k] - кирпичная кладка (сооружение)
block-work - кладка блоков; блочное сооружение
manufacturing [,mænju'fækt∫əriɳ] technique [tek'ni:k] - технология изготовления; технология производства
additive ['æditiv] - добавка; примесь
common ['kɔmən] brick - обычный кирпич
face of the brick - лицевая грань кирпича, ложок
plaster ['pla:stə] - штукатурка; штукатурный раствор; строительный гипс || штукатурить
render ['rendə] - трёхслойная штукатурка || штукатурить; обмазывать
finish - отделка, отделочное покрытие || отделывать
facing bricks - облицовочный (лицевой) кирпич
engineering [,endʒi'niəriɳ] bricks - высокопрочный кирпич; кирпич повышенной прочности
dense [dens] brick – плотный, непроницаемый кирпич
compressive [kəm'presiv] strength - прочность на сжатие; сопротивление сжатию
water absorption [əb'sɔ:p∫ən] - гигроскопичность; абсорбция воды; впитывание воды
retaining wall [ri'teiniɳ 'wɔ:l] - подпорная стенка
frost attack [ə'tæk] - разрушительное действие низкой температyры
vulnerable ['vʌlnərəbl] -уязвимый, восприимчивый; чувствительный
severe [si'viə] exposure [iks'pəuʒə] - сильное воздействие
moderate exposure [iks'pəuʒə] - умеренное, сдержанное воздействие
passive exposure [iks'pəuʒə] - инертное воздействие
saturate ['sæt∫əreit] - насыщать; пропитывать
undergo [,ʌndə'gəu] - подвергаться чему-л.; испытывать, переносить, претерпевать
repeated [ri'pi:tid] - повторяющийся, неоднократный
eave - карниз
Calcium ['kælsiəm] Silicate ['silikit] Brick - силикатный кирпич
crushed flint - дробленная кремниевая порода
pigment ['pigmənt] - пигмент, красящее вещество, краситель
hardening ['ha:dn] - закаливание; затвердевание
hydrated ['haidreitid] calcium silicate - гидратизированный силикатный кирпич
regular ['regjulə] in shape - правильной формы
cementitious [si,men’ti∫əs] - цементирующий; вяжущий
binder ['baində] - связующее вещество
crushed stone aggregate - щебень
substitute ['sʌbstitju:t] (for) - заменять, использовать вместо чего-л.
cost advantage [əd'va:ntidʒ] - преимущество в цене; выгода
damp proof course (DPC) – гидроизоляционный слой
Pre-Reading exercises
Ex.1. Make up opposition pairs (antonyms)
a) similar; internal; unsatisfactory; weakness; rare; minority; unsuitable; narrow; low; less; heat; moderate; active; thawing; irregular; bright; insoluble; artificial; disadvantage; unavailable
b) advantage; severe; different; regular; wide; soluble; satisfactory; common; majority; more; frost; various; passive; freezing; external; pale; high; natural, available; strength;
Ex. 2. Transform the suggested nouns (a) and adjectives (b) into verbs, removing nominal and adjectival suffixes or adding verbal suffixes (-en, -ify, -ise/-ize, -ate) and prefixes (en-), if necessary. Make changes where necessary. Consult the dictionary in case you are not sure.
a) protection, suspension, requirement, insulation, strength, stability, construction, characteristics, variety, additive, production, description, resistance, absorption, frost, exposure, situation, saturation, pressure, reaction, advantage, width
b) Satisfactory, different, special, suitable, general, wide, compressive, regular, soluble, popular, hard
Ex.3. Make up adverbs corresponding to the following adjectives. Translate the derived words into Russian.
e.g.: normal ‘обычный ’- normally ‘обычно’; but: high ‘высокий’ - high ‘высоко’
a) satisfactory; total; external; common; general; wide; dense; moderate; passive; normal; severe; mechanical; regular; easy; virtual; free; dense; different; particular; natural;
b) outside; high; low; long;
Ex.4. Give derivatives of the following verbs and translate them.
-
Verb
Noun-person / noun-thing
Abstract notion
Adjective / participle
invent ‘изобретать’
inventor
invention
inventive
produce ‘производить’
protect ‘защищать’
resist ‘противостоять’
compress ‘сжимать’
expose ‘подвергать воздействию’
insulate ‘изолировать’
construct ‘строить’
decorate ‘декорировать’
use ‘использовать’
prevent ‘предотвращать’
mix ‘смешивать’
connect ‘соединять’
manufacture ‘производить’
Ex. 5. Translate the following words and word combinations:
to support load; a number of requirements; an external loadbearing wall; weather protection; thermal insulation; fire protection; the most common materials; domestic construction; to use special manufacturing techniques; to add a variety of additives; common bricks; the face of the brick; to cover with plaster or render; facing bricks; to be left exposed; engineering bricks; dense bricks; compressive strength; water absorption; civil engineering structures; retaining walls; resistance to frost attack; totally resistant; vulnerable; suitable for severe exposure; moderate exposure; passive exposure; repeated cycles; to undergo freezing and thawing; to take appropriate measures; to prevent saturation; below the eaves; for internal use; crushed flint and lime; hardening chamber; to inject steam under pressure; regular in shape; to recognise by pale colours; to blend and compact the aggregate; cementitious binder; to vary the proportions of cement; variety of strengths; crushed stone aggregate; substitute for natural stone; blockwork; cost advantages; equivalent in size; a range of widths; nature of the aggregate.
Scanning text 1 ‘Brick Loadbearing Walls’, can you say what types of brick are used in construction?
Read the text more thoroughly and find out the differences between different sorts of brick and their uses.