- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
Ex 20. Match the words and word groups with the definitions
-
Words/word groups
Definitions
1. reinforced concrete
a. the upthrust and cracking of a ground surface through the freezing and expansion of water underneath
2. permafrost
b. weight of a structure, such as a building, also including any permanent loads attached to the structure.
3. cohesive soils
c. a foundation pile that supports weight vertically
4. bearing capacity
d. an arrangement of wooden boards, bolts, etc., used to shape reinforced concrete while it is setting
5. end bearing pile
e. the load which the ground can carry.
6. frost heave
f. downward movement of the ground, or any structure on it, due to soil consolidation, normally caused by the load applied by the structure.
7. dead load
g. sticky soil such as clay whose strength depends on the surface tension of capillary water
8. settlement
h. ground that is permanently frozen, often to great depths, the surface sometimes thawing in the summer
9. formwork
i. concrete with steel bars, mesh, etc., embedded in it to enable it to withstand tensile and shear stresses
Grammar and vocabulary consolidation exercises
Ex. 21. What do we measure in:
- metres, (km, cm, mm, etc), |
- hours (seconds, minutes, days, etc.), |
- square metres (km2, cm2, mm2, etc), |
- years, |
- cubic metres (km3, cm3, mm3, etc), |
- degrees ( º) |
- km/hr. |
- gram (kg, tonne) |
- tree/ha |
- pascals |
(age, area, density, speed, length, power, temperature, time, volume, weight, pressure…)
Ex. 22. A) Do you know what is measured in the following British Imperial units of measurement? Can you compare them with the commonly used standard units? Consult reference books (the Internet, ‘conversions’ in your telephone) in case you are not sure.
-
?
?
?
inch
ounce
acre
foot
pound
quart
mile
stone
gallon
Note: The system of imperial units or the imperial system (also known as British Imperial) is the system of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which was later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement, although as of 2011 the United Kingdom had only partially adopted it.
B) Convert the following into the ISU measurement units:
6 foot 3; 50 miles; 2 ½ stones; 5 pounds; 12 gallons; ½ inch; 21 acres; 1.5 quart; an ounce and a half; a pint.
C) Can you use the correct abbreviations for the measurement units:
doz; ft; in; mi; pt; yd; ac; ha; sq mi; sq ft; sq in; cu in; cu yd; gal; oz; qt; lb; Pa; psi; sq m; cu m; MPa; KB; mph; pt; mg; ml; kW
Ex 23. Translate the sentences into Russian. Remember that the verb to be is used in different functions (as a notional verb, link verb, auxiliary or modal verb).
1. There are many different types of foundations in use. 2. The soil near the surface of the ground will also contain organic material and this top soil must never be used as a base for a foundation. 3. A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the ground. 4. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. 5. Differential settlement can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting. 6. The structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting. 7. Pile foundations are to be used widely in the northern regions. 8. The piles are submerged in water to protect the wood from destruction. 9. Pyramidal piles are a progressive design of piles used in building. 10. Some foundations are built on a flat, concrete slab that provides both a base for the structure and the bottom floor of the house. 11. The exact dead and imposed loads are to be calculated. 12. The footing is generally wider than the foundation wall and is located about 12 inches below the frost line (the average depth at which soil freezes year after year). 13. The size and acceptable types of foundations are regulated by building codes. 14. A poured-concrete foundation may be either a raised perimeter foundation, a flat slab, or a combination of the two. 15. Foundation construction is an integral part of home building. 16. When it is necessary, as so frequently it is at the present, to erect gigantic edifices on weak soils, the highest constructive skill is required.
Ex 24. Insert the correct form of the verb in the Active or Passive voice.