- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
Find out the differences between shallow and deep foundations, total settlement and differential settlement and some other essential details concerning foundations.
Text 1. FOUNDATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION
Every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the ground. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.
Shallow foundations are usually embedded a meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing. It consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock. Another common type is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface.
Deep foundations are used to transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil. There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete. Sometimes these foundations penetrate bedrock.
The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. When considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the structure the foundation is supporting. It is necessary that a foundation should not be loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the foundation will "fail". For a typical modern three-bedroom detached house the total of the dead and imposed loads is about 120 tonnes and most types of ground can easily carry this load using simple foundations. The exact dead and imposed loads can be easily calculated.
Other design considerations include scour and frost heave. Scour takes place when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation (like a pier supporting a bridge over a river). Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form ice lenses.
Changes in soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink. This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal changes or the effects of vegetation removing moisture. The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. This is a particular problem for house footings in semi-arid climates where wet winters are followed by hot dry summers.
When structures are built in areas of permafrost, special consideration must be given to the thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost. Generally, the structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting.
Text-based exercises
Ex.8. Say which of the following issues are considered in the text. If they are, say to which paragraphs they belong.
scour and frost heave,
soil moisture content the main 2 kinds of foundations,
different climatic problems,
types of deep foundations and materials they are mage from,
digging trenches for foundations,
the settlement concerns,
types of loads,
types of shallow foundations,
swelling and shrinkage of soils,
bearing capacity,
building in areas of permafrost,
functions of the foundations.
Ex. 9. Arrange the sentences in the logical sequence of the text above.
Changes in the moisture content can cause expansive clay in the soil to swell and shrink.
Deep foundations are used to transfer the load from the structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.
Differential settlement occurs when one part of a foundation settles more than another part.
For permanent stability buildings should have foundations.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.
Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form ice lenses.
In areas of permafrost the structure should be able to prevent the permafrost from melting.
Most types of ground can easily carry the load of a typical modern three-bedroom detached house with simple foundations.
Scour takes place when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation.
Spread footing consists of strips or pads of concrete which extend below the frost line.
The foundation should not be loaded beyond its bearing capacity.
The slab-on-grade foundation transfers the weight of the building to the soil through a concrete slab at the surface.
The spread footing transfers the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it.
There are different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns.
Total settlement and differential settlement are normally considered.
Ex.10. Divide the main part of the text into logically complete units. Find the key sentence in all the structurally meaningful passages of the text:
1.
2.
3.
4. …
Ex.11. Choose a sentence (two or three?) to elicit the main idea for each of the parts of the text.
Ex. 12. Give summary of the text. For each of the parts give the key statement and support it with the chosen additional information.
Post-Reading Vocabulary Exercises
Ex. 13. Insert into the sentences the right word or word group from the box.
soil moisture; thermal effect; loads; to distort; spread footing; to prevent; swell; ice lenses; bedrock; a concrete slab; design concerns; scour; differential settlement; simple foundations; bearing capacity; deep foundations; a particular problem |
A foundation is a structure that transfers _____ to the ground.
The _____ consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line.
The spread footing transfers the weight from walls and columns to the soil or ______.
The slab-on-grade foundation transfers the weight of the building to the soil through _____ at the surface.
_____ transfer a load from a structure through an upper weak layer of soil to a stronger deeper layer of soil.
The primary _____ are settlement and bearing capacity.
With _____ one part of a foundation settles more than another part.
The foundation should not be loaded beyond its _____ or the foundation will "fail".
Most types of ground can easily carry loads of 120 tonnes using _____.
_____ takes place when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a foundation.
Frost heave occurs when water in the ground freezes to form _____.
Changes in _____ can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink.
The variation in can cause the soil _____, cracking the structure over it.
This is _____ for house footings in semi-arid climates with wet winters and hot dry summers.
Special consideration must be given to the _____the structure will have on the permafrost.
The structure is designed in a way that tries _____ the permafrost from melting.
Ex. 14. Complete the sentences
We normally consider … settlements.
The foundation should not be loaded ….
A foundation is a structure ….
Historically, piles were ….
Foundations are generally broken into ….
Frost heave occurs when ….
The variation in swell can cause ….
The spread footing consists of ….
In areas of permafrost special consideration must be given to ….
Deep foundations are used to ….
Every building needs ….
Differential settlement is ….
A typical modern three-bedroom detached house can carry ….
Other design considerations include ….
Shallow foundations are ….
The different types of deep foundations include ….
Scour takes place when ….
Changes in soil moisture can cause….
The primary design concerns are ….
The slab-on-grade foundation transfers ….
Ex. 15. Complete the following sentences using English equivalents instead of the Russian words and word-combinations.
1. Every building needs (усталостная прочность). 2. Foundations (подразделяется на) two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. 3. The spread footing consists of (бетонных полос или плит) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight of the building to the soil or bedrock. 4. There are different types of (фундаментов глубокого заложения) including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized columns. 5. When considering settlement, total settlement and (неравномерная осадка) is normally considered. 6. It is necessary that a foundation should not be loaded beyond its (несущая способность). 7. The exact dead and (дополнительная, приложенная) loads can be easily calculated. 8. Scour takes place when (проточная вода) removes supporting soil from around a foundation. 9. Changes in soil moisture can cause (набухающая глина) to swell and shrink. 10. The variation in (набухание) can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. 11. In areas of (вечной мерзлоты), special consideration must be given to the thermal effect. 12. The structure is designed in a way that tries (не допускать, препятствовать) the permafrost from melting.
Ex. 16. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Чтобы иметь устойчивость, здания должны иметь фундамент. 2. Мелкозаложенные фундаменты обычно углубляются в почву приблизительно на 1 метр. 3. Ленточный фундамент переносит нагрузку от стен и колонн на почву или скальное основание. 4. Глубокие фундаменты используются для того, чтобы передать груз конструкции от верхнего слабого слоя почвы к более глубокому прочному слою. 5. Прежде сваи были деревянные, позднее их стали делать из стали, железобетона и предварительно напряженного бетона. 6. Основные проблемы проектирования – осадка и несущая способность. 7. Неравномерное оседание происходит тогда, когда одна часть основы оседает больше, чем другая. 8. Необходимо, чтобы основание не подвергалось нагрузке сверх ее несущей способности, иначе фундамент не выдержит. 9. Точную постоянную и дополнительную нагрузку можно легко рассчитать. 10. Другими важными соображениями для проектирования являются водная эрозия и пучение грунта от мороза. 11. Изменения в содержании влаги в почве могут привести к тому, что набухающая глина будет вспучиваться или сжиматься. 12. Изменения в набухании могут вызвать деформацию почвы и привести к появлению трещин в возвышающемся сооружении. 13. Когда сооружения строятся в условиях вечной мерзлоты, они проектируются таким образом, чтобы не допускать таяния.
For more specific information concerning foundations read text 2 ‘Types of foundations’ and get ready to answer the questions following the text and the list of vocabulary.