- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Vocabulary to memorise:
hardness - твёрдость; степень твёрдости
durability [,djuərə'bɪlətɪ] - долговечность; прочность; стойкость
wood - дерево; древесина; лесоматериал
stone [stəun]- камень (как материал)
brick - кирпич; клинкер || класть кирпичи; мостить, облицовывать
concrete ['kɔŋkri:t] - бетон || бетонировать
steel - сталь; арматура (железобетонных конструкций)
glass - стекло
plastics - пластмасса, пластик
strength [streŋθ] - прочность; крепость
weight [weɪt] - вес; масса; груз
fire-resistance [’faiə ri'zistəns] - огнестойкость
decay-resistance [di’kei ri’zistəns] - устойчивость против гниения
fire-proof ['faiə,pru:f] - несгораемый; огнестойкий, огнеупорный
mechanical properties [’prɔpətiz] - механическиe свойства
burnt brick - обожжённый кирпич
compactness - плотность; компактность
porosity [pɔ:’rɔsiti] - пористость, ячеистость; рыхлость
mortar - известковый раствор; строительный раствор
sound insulation [,insju’lei∫ən] - звукоизоляция
heat insulation [,insju’lei∫ən] - теплоизоляция
foundation [faun'dei∫ən] - фундамент, основание
pier [piə] - стойка; столб; пилон
finishing ['fini∫iŋ] - окончательная отделка; отделочные работы
structure ['strʌkt∫ə] - строение, структура; конструкция, устройство
weather resistant ['weðə ri'zistənt] - стойкий против атмосферных воздействий
mass concrete – массивный бетон; монолитный, неармированный бетон
steel reinforcement [,ri:in’fɔ:smənt] - cтальная арматура
cement [sə‘ment] - цемент; цементный раствор || цементировать
sand - песок
crushed [krʌ∫t] stone - дроблёный камень; щебень
paste [peist] - тесто (цементное)
raw material - сырье, сырьевой (исходный) материал
limestone ['laimstəun] - известняк
cullet ['kʌlit] - стеклобой, стекольный бой
alumina [ə'lju:minə] - глинозём
organic [ɔ:'gænik] derivatives - органические производные
rock - камень, булыжник; скала
artificial [,a:ti'fi∫əl] - искусственный, ненатуральный
timber (Ам. lumber) - лесоматериалы; строевой лес; древесина
bearing structure - несущая конструкция
paint - краска; (сухой) пигмент; красочное покрытие || красить; окрашивать;
cementing [si'mentiŋ] - вяжущий; цементирующий; укрепляющий
binding - связывание; связующий
lime - известь; || белить известью; скреплять известью
gypsum ['dʒipsəm] - гипс || гипсовать
masonry ['meisnri] - каменная или кирпичная кладка
plaster ['pla:stə] - штукатурка; штукатурный раствор || штукатурить
clay [klei]– глина; глинистый, глиняный || обмазывать глиной
availability [ə,veilə'biliti] - доступность, наличие
Pre-Reading exercises
Ex 1. State to what parts of speech the following words belong and translate them:
requirement, hardness, durability, strength, resistance, ancient, comparison, mechanical, disadvantage, suitable, compactness, porosity, foundation, structure, durable, crushed, equipment, derivative, primary, artificial, cementing, plaster, categorize, manipulation, designer, effective, economical, engineer, availability, property.
Ex. 2. Choose a word from column B similar in the meaning to each of the words under letter A:
A |
B |
A |
B |
synthetic |
main |
wood |
building |
primary |
auxiliary |
structure |
employ |
secondary |
old |
fire-resistant |
timber |
ancient |
artificial |
use |
fire-proof |
Ex 3. What suffixes help to form abstract nouns describing properties of materials?
Make up nouns out of the following adjectives:
a) hard, durable, strong, light, compact, porous, available,
b) fire-resistant, decay-resistant, weather-resistant
Ex 4. Divide the given words into 2 groups:
adjectives having comparative forms,
adjectives having no comparative forms
Primary, hard, ancient, artificial, porous, organic, mechanical, cheap, strong, light, easy, synthetic, important, physical, industrial, compact, available, costly (дорогой, дорогостоящий), resistant, main, durable, effective.
Ex 5. Give the comparative and superlative degree of the following adjectives and adverbs:
cheap, hard, durable, ancient, strong, light, easy, easily, important, widely, compact, porous, available, costly, weather-resistant.
Ex 6. Divide the nouns into 2 groups:
names of building materials,
other nouns
limestone, purpose, wood, stone, mixture, property, brick, heat, century, concrete, fire, steel, plastics, hardness, soda ash, strength, cellulose, weight, sound, paste, water, sand, century, resin, protein, cullet, glass.
Ex. 7. Translate the following word combinations:
To meet requirements, to fasten together, commonly used materials, certain disadvantages, to differ in hardness, fire-proof buildings, easy to work with, mechanical properties, steps of buildings, with the help of mortar, for finishing structures, structures under water, unaffected by acids, organic derivatives, to require skilled labour, primary building materials, artificial stone, bearing structures, interior finish of structures, to bind together masonry units, constituents of wall plaster, to make in industrial settings, to categorize into two sources, petroleum based paints, the most economical means, minimally processed, to come into use.