- •Т. М. Карлова building a house как построить дом
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read Text 1. Indicate the most common building materials and say where and why people use them. Text 1. Building materials in construction
- •Introduction
- •Building materials
- •Text 2 . Materials science: plastics
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Ex.21. Read text “Stone” and translate it sentence by sentence. Underline the adjectives and adverbs and say what comparative forms they are in. Stone
- •Ex. 22. Translate the sentences with more comparisons.
- •1. What is the best test with stone for different people?
- •2. What is the dampness of stone caused by?
- •3. What kind of structure has granite got?
- •5. Is limestone always white?
- •10 Natural Building Materials
- •Scan Text 1 “Buildings and Their Types” and define the functions of the units marked I, II and III.
- •Text-Based Exercises
- •Text 2. Building houses
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:
- •Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.
- •Building
- •Buildings serve several needs of society - primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.
- •1. What does the construction of a house start with?
- •2. What work is the designer responsible for when building a house?
- •3. What is a lintel and where is it used?
- •4. How are floor boards laid?
- •5. What materials are usually used for covering the roof of the building?
- •6. Who are the elements of internal infrastructure fixed by ?
- •Interior construction
- •Unit 3. Foundation
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •Read text 1 ‘foundations in construction’. In the text point out the introductory part, the main part and the conclusion.
- •Text 2. Types of foundations
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Pile foundations
- •Vocaulary notes
- •Text 4. Different types of house foundations
- •1. Which defects are more common, troubles with walls or with foundations?
- •2. What factor is important to consider besides the soil type?
- •3. Can poured concrete foundations be good in cold climates?
- •4. What helps to support frost-protected foundations from frost damage?
- •5. What are the advantages of wood for permanent foundations?
- •6. What types of raised foundations are there?
- •Read text 5. Foundations and Types of Soils
- •Text 5. Foundations and types of soils
- •Discussions
- •Unit 4. Brick and masonry
- •Henri Poincaire
- •Vocabulary to memorise:
- •In the text point out the introductory part and the main part. Text 1. Brick loadbearing walls
- •Text 2. Masonry
- •Bricks are laid flat in rows called courses, exposing either their sides (stretcher) or ends (header).
- •Extreme weather may cause degradation of masonry wall surfaces due to frost damage.
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •1. What does lime improve when it is used in the motar?
- •2. What mix proportions ensure workability, adhesion and durability?
- •3. What is the function of liquid plasticizers?
- •4. What is pointing?
- •Read text 5. 10 Good Reasons For Natural Stone
- •Project 2. Brick and Masonry
- •Unit 5. Concrete and cement
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •4. ______ From construction, demolition and excavation waste are used as partial replacements of natural aggregates
- •5. Decorative stones or crushed glass are added to the surface of concrete for a decorative ______.
- •6. ______ Are added to the concrete to obtain desirable characteristics.
- •7. Chemical admixtures are materials (в виде порошка или жидкостей) that give concrete certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
- •4. Водно-цементная смесь твердеет и набирает прочность спустя какое-то время.
- •5. Разрешается также примешивать ряд искусственных заполнителей, включая остывший шлак доменной печи и зольный остаток.
- •6. Химические примеси - это материалы в виде порошка или жидкостей, которые добавляются к бетону, чтобы придать ему свойства, которые невозможно получить с простыми бетонными смесями.
- •Text 2. Types of concrete
- •Regular concrete
- •High-strength concrete
- •Reinforced concrete
- •Prestressed concrete
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises
- •Text 3. Cement
- •Text 4. Early concrete
- •1. What is “pozzoulana”?
- •2. What technique did the Romans use to construct buildings?
- •3. Was the early cement used throughout Europe?
- •4. Why wasn’t pozzuolan cement used widely in the world?
- •5. Who was the first person to patent Portland cement?
- •Cement Alternatives
- •Discussions
- •Unit 6. Wood and wood-based materials
- •Vocabulary to memorise
- •Text 1. Wood
- •Text 2. Engineered wood
- •Additional Vocabulary
- •Text 4. About wooden houses
- •1. Why has wood become an appealing buildin materal?
- •2. Due to what are wooden houses included into the low-energy category?
- •3. Where does wood acacumulate energy from?
- •4. What does rational use of wood imply?
- •5. In what is our responsibility concerning nature?
- •Aqueducts ['ækwidʌkt] - акведук, водопровод; канал, проход, труба
- •Bond - перевязка кирпичной кладки, тип кладки, рисунок на поверхности стены
- •Brick laying – кладка кирпича
- •Cover ['kʌvə] - крышка; охватывать, покрывать
- •Driveways [‘draivwei] - дорога, проезд, путь; подъездная дорожка
- •Header ['hedə] - тычок кирпича, кирпичной кладки; опорная несущая балка
- •Herringbone - шеврон, кладка «в елку»
- •Insert [in’sə:t] - вставлять, вкладывать
- •Install [instɔ:l] – устанавливать, вставлять,
- •Overlap - перекрытие, нахлестка класть кирпичи внахлестку
- •Primarily [prai'merəli] - первоначально; в основном, главным образом
- •Stretcher [’strеtʃə] - ложок кирпича
- •Weight bearing (wall) - несущая (стена)
Interior construction
When the outside of the house is finished you must start working on the interior. Windows, doors have to be built into the frame. Wires must be laid for electricity and power. Plumbers install the pipes through which water flows. A new house has to be insulated in order to reduce heating costs and to save money. Most houses have central heating system. A furnace or boiler, mostly in the basement, warms up the water which then leads through pipes through the whole house. Cold water returns through the pipes and into the furnace where it is heated up again. More and more houses install air conditioning to cool down in the summer months. Finally, the walls are painted and the rooms decorated.
Culture and lifestyles
Home styles around the world are different because of culture and tradition. Western-style houses and buildings are found all over the world. With their simple design they are slowly replacing traditional houses in the Middle East and Asia.
In big cities where there is not enough space people often live in apartments. They appear in all kinds of sizes and forms - from one-room apartments to apartments with balconies or terraces or even penthouses. Town houses or row houses are often found in cities. They have separate street entrances but often share the same walls.
Many suburban residents live in single-family houses with their own yards and gardens. Sometimes they are built in groups that are owned and sold by a company. In rural areas farmhouses usually stand alone, surrounded by fields, barns and huts.
In some parts of the world people don’t always live in the same place. They move their homes constantly. Mobile homes are becoming more and more popular, especially in America. They can be loaded onto a truck and towed from one place to another.
b) Read the text again and make a list of additional topical vocabulary (10 to 15 words and word-combinations). Consult a dictionary to finalise the choice of the Russian equivalents. Memorise the new vocabulary.
Project “Building Houses”
Divide into teams of 4 or 5 students. Choose any aspect of the problem of the forest disturbances. Jointly arrange a presentation of the materials collected in form of PowerPoint demonstration. Try to illustrate your points of presentation.
Suggested issues:
Speak about different types of residential buildings common in our country. Emphasize the special features, advantages and disadvantages. How does climate affect the choice of the styles of buildings?
Unit 3. Foundation
He who has not first laid his foundations may be able with great ability to lay them afterwards, but they will be laid with trouble to the architect and danger to the building.
Niccolo Machiavelli
The house does not rest upon the ground, but upon a woman.
Mexican proverb
Vocabulary to memorise:
foundation [faun'dei∫ən]- фундамент, основание
footing ['futiɳ] - фундамент; подошва (фундамента); основание, опора
shallow ['∫æləu] foundation - фундамент мелкого заложения
deep foundation - фундамент глубокого заложения
drilled pier [piə] foundation – фундамент на буронабивных сваях
slab-on-grade foundation – монолитная плита-фундамент по грунту
footing [‘futɪŋ] - основание, фундамент; опора, основа,
spread [spred] footing - фундамент на естественном основании
stability [stə’bɪlətɪ] – устойчивость; состояние устойчивого равновесия; стойкость, прочность
load - нагрузка; груз || грузить; загружать
dead load ['ded 'ləud] - мёртвый груз; собственный вес, вес конструкции;
imposed [im'pəuzd] (live) load - временная нагрузка; приложенная нагрузка
concrete [‘kɔŋkri:t] - бетон
pile - свая, столб
pier [‘pɪə] - стойка; столб; пилон; вертикальная опора
reinforced [,rɪɪn’fɔ:st] concrete – армированный бетон; железобетон
pre-tensioned [prɪ‘tenʃnd] concrete – предварительно напряженный железобетон
settle - оседать; осаждать(ся);
settlement [‘setlmənt] - осадка, оседание (напр., фундамента, грунта)
total [‘təutəl] settlement – общая осадка
differential [,dɪfə‘renʃəl] settlement – неравномерная осадка
bearing capacity [‘bɛərɪŋ kə‘pæsɪtɪ] - несущая способность; подъемная сила
support [sə‘pɔ:t] - подставка, опора; опорная стойка
fail - ломаться, разрушаться; повреждаться
consideration [kən,sɪdə‘reɪʃn] - соображение; мнение, учитываемый фактор
scour [‘skauə] - размыв; водная эрозия, промоина; эрозийное действие воды
frost heave [‘hi:v] - пучение (грунта) при замерзании; морозное пучение
flowing water - проточная вода
remove [rɪ‘mu:v] - удалять, устранять
ice lens - ледяная линза
moisture [‘mɔɪstʃə] - влажность, влага
cause [‘kɔ:z] - причина, основание || быть причиной, вызывать
expansive [ɪk‘spænsɪv] - способный расширяться; расширительный
clay - глина
swell - разбухание; вспучивание || разбухать; вспучиваться; вздуваться
shrink - давать усадку; усыхать; сжиматься
distort [dis‘tɔ:t] - искажать; искривлять; деформировать
crack - трещина; разрыв || растрескиваться; разрываться; раскалываться
semi-arid [,semɪ‘ærɪd] - засушливый; полупустынный;
permafrost [‘pɜ:məfrɔst] - вечная мерзлота
prevent [prɪ‘vent] - предотвращать; предохранять; препятствовать
melt - плавить, плавиться; таять
Pre-Reading Vocabulary Exercises
Ex. 1. Study the verbs which you can find in the text and point out the irregular verbs. Are you sure you know their forms in Past Simple ( Past Indefinite) and Past Participle ?
Embed, extend, consist (of), break (into), transfer, drill, settle, freeze, penetrate, include, swell, shrink, vary, distort, occur, crack, follow, build, try, prevent, melt, found
Ex.2. Make nouns out of the adjectives using the proper suffixes (-th, -ness, -ity). Make the necessary changes.
Strong, stable, deep, weak, wet, dry, wide, long
Ex.3. A) Divide the adjective into simple and complex (consisting of a root and suffix).
Shallow, permanent, different, deep, common, differential, typical, expansive, weak, total, seasonal special, strong, simple, thermal, exact, wet
B) In complex adjectives identify the base form (from which the adjective is derived).
Ex. 4. Analyse the compound words. Find the root(s), prefix(es), suffix(es):
bedrock, slab-on-grade, pre-tensioned, reinforced, semi-arid, permafrost.
Ex. 5. The following words can function as nouns, verbs or adjectives (conversion). Consult the dictionary to find this information (A) and then translate the sentences (B):
A) surface, load, support, design, flow, form, cause, swell, crack, effect, soil.
B) Changes in soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink. This swelling can vary across the footing. The variation in swell can cause the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. Other design considerations include scour and frost heave. Generally, the structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from melting.
Ex. 6. Match the words contrary in meaning:
A |
B |
shallow |
wet |
stability |
changeable |
hot |
cold (frosty) |
permanent |
deep |
later |
earlier |
dry |
above |
upper |
instability |
common |
lower |
different |
secondary |
primary |
similar |
to swell |
to shrink |
strong |
unusual |
below |
weak |
Ex. 7. Translate the following word combinations:
permanent stability, to transfer loads to the ground, shallow foundation, deep foundation, to be embedded into soil, spread footing, strips/pads of concrete, below the frost line, to transfer the weight, slab-on-grade foundation, at the surface, an upper weak layer of soil, earth stabilized column, to penetrate bedrock, primary design concerns, total/differential settlement, to cause problems, to loaded beyond bearing capacity, detached house, dead/imposed load, to carry load, exact imposed load, design considerations, frost heave, flowing water, supporting soil, to form ice lenses, soil moisture, expansive clay, to vary across the footing, to remove moisture, to distort soil, semi-arid climate, in areas of permafrost, to prevent from melting.