Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.

1. The word ‘building’ may refer to any human-made structure used for sheltering any use or for continuous residence.

2. Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified according to the role in the community.

3. In commercial buildings the internal infrastructure can be extremely intricate and require regular maintenance.

4. The house is a place to live in, so it must be comfortable and healthy.

5. To be a good house it must comply with a few basic functions.

6. It should be a functional and healthy environment for those that live in it.

7. Inside one must be protected from wind, cold, heat, rain, sand and dust.

8. It should last for many years without requiring much maintenance.

9. In cold places houses must be more compact and have thick walls and small windows to resist the cold.

10. Every detail of a house must be carefully planned.

Ex. 32. Translate sentences with modal verbs and equivalents.

1. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for. 2. A new house has to be insulated in order to reduce heating costs and to save money. 3. If non-concrete (clay-based) brick is to be used, care should be taken to select bricks suitable for the climate in question. 4. If the mixing is to be done by hand the materials must be screened to remove any lumps of lime. 5. Using good design principles, construction techniques also need to be considered. 6. Clean soft water only should be used for the purpose of making mortar. 7. The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and requires a large team to complete. 8. After the painting has been finished the flooring should be done in those rooms where the cabinets are to be installed first. 9. Bricks used during frosty weather should be quite dry, and those that have been exposed to rain or frost should never be employed. 10. Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. 11. The designer deter­mines the size of the walls, the parts which make up the framework. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged. 12. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. 13. Before you actually build a house there a lot of things you must do first. 14. You must have a piece of land on which your house can be built, then you should ask an architect or builder to find out if there are any restrictions or limitations on building in the area. 15. Tall skyscrapers are very heavy, which means that they must be built on a sturdier foundation than would be required for shorter, lighter buildings.

Ex. 33. Underline the words ending in –ing and identify their functions. These forms may be verbal nouns, present participles or gerunds. Prove your point. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Building

In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word ‘building’ may refer to one of the following: any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or an act of construction (i.e. the activity of building).