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2. Complex Subject

seem appear (fmt)

кажется (казалось), по-видимому, похоже

All the infinive forms are possible.

happen .

случайно; случилось так, что ...

prove (to be) turn out (to be)

Оказывается

The Present Infinitive of the verb to be.

Notes: 1. The verbs prove and turn out are normally followed by the verb to be. With the infinitives other than to be, these verbs are used with a that-clause and an introductory "it". e.g. Life turned out to be stranger than fiction.

But: It turned out that her husband had made a lot of debts.

2. In order to express negative ideas either the first verb or the infini­tive can be made negative. The first structure is more common in an informal style.

e.g. Bob doesn't seem to know maths. Bob seems not to know maths.

3. You can use there with appear and seem followed by to be or to have been.

e.g. There appeared / seemed to be some difficulty in fixing a date for the meeting.

There don't seem to be many people in the restaurant. There appears / seems to have been a mistake over the num­bers.

Ex. 13. Explain the use of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

The new job proved to be a challenge.

The burglar happened to be breaking into the house when the police ar­rived.

3. He seems to lack basic conversational skills.

4. Your mother appears to be a woman of enormous taste.

5. Thomas Edison didn't seem to mind his deafness, because he could think much better if he couldn't hear what was going on around him.

I happened to have driven that kind of car before.

They appear to be keeping the details of the case a secret for the time

being.

There appears to have been a fire.

I seem to have nothing to say to him nowadays, we're like strangers.

10. You've got to appear (to be) calm at the interview even if you're terrified underneath.

11. There don't seem to be any reasons for changing our plans.

12. They seem to have failed to strike up a conversation with the exotic-looking man in black.

13.1 happened to see him on my way to work.

14. He seemed to have been running - he was out of breath.

15. To our surprise the stranger turned out to be an old friend of my mother's.

The prices are unlikely to stop rising in the near future. (= doubtful pos­sibility)

Маловероятно (вряд ли), что рост цен прекратится в ближайшем будущем.

Notes: 1. This pattern is mostly used to talk about the future. This does not mean, however, that you cannot use it to talk about past possibility. e.g. He is likely to have arrived yesterday.

Он, возможно (по-видимому), приехал вчера.

  1. You can use negative infinitive after the words certain and sure,

e.g. She is certain not to give you any present.

Наверняка она вам ничего не подарит.

3. This pattern is extremely useful to make questions expressing pos­sibility.

Affirmative Interrogative

He may be home at midnight. Is he likely to be home

He will probably be home at midnight. at midnight?

Ex. 14. Ask general questions using complex subject.

Model: Sophie may not be able to pay the bill. —»Is Sophie likely to pay the bill?

1. He may see her again before he leaves.

2. She will very probably go abroad soon.

3. Probably she'll end up in court over this problem.

4. It's quite likely (that) we'll be in Spain this time next year.

5. George might recover from the shock.

6. We have little chance of getting tickets for the concert.

7. It now seems probable that the report will damage the President's reputa­tion.

8. There is a strong possibility that the election will be held in May.

Ex. 15. Paraphrase the sentences using complex subject.

1. They may get married soon.

2. Oil prices will certainly rise following the agreement to limit production.

3. Perhaps, the children will stay with the father after the divorce.

4. There was only a doubtful possibility that the old system would survive, (use "very unlikely")

5. After all his hard work, he will certainly pass his exams.

6. They will no doubt discuss these issues again at the next meeting.

7. It was possible that the team would win the match. They will deliver the table on Friday for sure.

9. It was very likely (that) she would win the election if the opinion polls were accurate.

10. I wanted to go somewhere where we would certainly have good weather. 11.// is likely that radioactive material was released during the fire.

12. Is it probable that he'll turn up now?

13. There is little likelihood now that interest rates will come down further.

14. She will certainly not make a hasty decision.

15. It's probable that electronic books will start to replace paper ones in the near future.

16. There was a strong probability that the resignation of the managing direc­tor would arouse new fears about the future of the company.

17. She's obviously had some sort of cosmetic surgery because she's at least 70 but looks about 50.

Ex. 16 Translate into English using complex subject.

1. Вероятно, его отношение к спорту изменится после несчастного случая.

2.Наверняка, она обратится к нему за утешением и поддержкой.

3. Похоже, они уладят ссору.

4. По-видимому, в старости она не найдет утешения в детях.

5. Они наверняка удовлетворят ваши требования.

6. Маловероятно, что Джордж разлюбит Адель.

7. Есть ли шансы, что ты закончишь писать курсовую к концу недели?

8. Он может согласиться на наше предложение?

9. Может быть, они устроят вечеринку по случаю приезда сына.

10. Очень похоже, что они скоро разведутся.

11. Могут ли цены начать снижаться в ближайшем будущем?

12. Это предложение наверняка не будет встречено с энтузиазмом.

13. Есть ли вероятность, что ты соберешь необходимую сумму?

Ex. 17. Translate into English paying attention to the meaning of the verb

кажется.

He seems to know the truth. They are likely to leave soon.

(seem = give the idea or effect of being) (likely = probable, expected)

Кажется, он знает правду. Кажется, они скоро приедут,

1. Кажется, они были недовольны.

2. Кажется, он не закончит работу в срок.

3. Кажется, Джулия испытывает неловкость в его обществе.

4. Вы, кажется, не знаете этого правила.

5. Мы, кажется, знакомы с незапамятных времён, (since time immemorial).

6. Кажется, погода меняется к лучшему.

7. Кажется, погода изменится к лучшему.

8. Кажется, его выберут почётным президентом ассоциации.

9. Кажется, этот вопрос будет рассматриваться на следующей неделе.

10. Он, кажется, очень доволен своим помощником.

С.

noun / pronoun + passive verb + to-infinitive

You can use the following common verbs in this pattern: acknowledge, allege, believe, consider, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand, be rumoured and some others, is acknowledged —- общепризнанно is alleged—- говорят, считают, что (якобы)

is believed - полагают, думают, считают

is considered - считают, полагают; считается

is expected - предполагается, ожидается

is known - известно

is reported - сообщают; сообщается

is rumoured - ходят слухи, поговаривают

is said - говорят

is supposed - полагают

is thought - считают, полагают

is understood - предполагают, предполагается, по имеющимся

сведениям

e.g. He is considered to be an expert on computers. They are thought to be hiding in the woods. Da Vinci is said to have designed the first submarine.

Notes: The verb suppose can be used in this pattern.

e.g. Between twins there's supposed to exist a special closeness.

However, in the great majority of cases, this verb conveys the idea of

duty.

e.g. You are supposed to be in class. (You ought to be in class / It's

your duty... / You're expected...)

You are not supposed to say things like that. I'm your mother.

108

Ex. 18. Paraphrase the sentences using complex subject. It is known that

England conquered and colonised Wales in the 1280s.

2.The Pilgrim fathers sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620.

3. Queen Victoria mourned Prince Albert's death for forty years.

4. In 1885, the German inventor Karl Benz produced the world's first motor car.

5. Pierre de Coubertin, a French archaeologist, revived the Olympic Games.

6. John D. Rockefeller gave about $ 500 million of his own money for good causes. He established the Rockefeller Foundation (1913) and the University of Chicago (1892).

7. Field hockey was brought to the USA by an English teacher visiting Harvard in 1901.

8. Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to ride in an automobile. (August 22, 1902).

9. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. The discovery was made by accident.

10. In the famous London smog of 1952, about 4,000 people (mostly infants and the elderly) died in two weeks from chest diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia).

11. Albert Einstein was offered presidency of the state of Israel in 1952. He did not accept it.

Many people think that

1. Loch Ness monster is a large animal like a dinosaur.

2. Some jungle crocodiles can bite half an hour or more after their death.

3. The Vikings came to America before Columbus.

4. Golf was invented in China.

5. West Side Story is the best musical work of Leonard Bernstein.

6. The Great Pyramid dates from around 2600 BC.

People consider(-ed) that

1. The Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular sights in the USA. (generally)

2. The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world for many years.

3. Villages are better places to live, as they are quieter and less polluted than towns.

4. The Forth Bridge is a fine example of 19th century engineering. (1889)

5. The cheetah is the fastest mammal in the world.

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