1.3. Rendering of Names of Institutions, Companies, Firms, etc.

These names are transcribed or transliterated, and explained at the same time,

e.g. General Motors Corporation – “Дженерал Моторс” (автомобільна компанія “Дженерал Моторс”)

British and Commonwealth Shipping – компанія по забезпеченню морських перевезень між Британією та країнами Співдружності “Брітіш енд Коммонвелс шіппінг”

The same way is employed for rendering U/R names,

e.g. Київська фірма “Світанок” – Kyiv Svitanok civil services firm

There is a tendency not to translate some elements of U names (they are perceived as realia),

e.g. Svobody Avenue,

Transcarpathia – Zakarpattia, Oblast, etc.

Names of public offices and institutions are translated verbally in most cases,

e.g. United Mine Workers Association ---

World Peace Committee ---

In E such names have the NNN model, in which the nouns are joined asyndetically (without conjunctions or prepositions). This model is preferable for rendering U names into E,

e.g. Київський державний інститут іноземних мов – the Kyiv State Foreign L-ges (Teacher Training) Institute

Медична школа ім. Страженко – the Strazhenko Medical School

However, in literary artistic tr-n the approach may be different, especially in case of meaningful, “tell-tale” names (historic places, old inns, etc.),

e.g. The Red Lion – готель “Червоний Лев”

1.4. Rendering of terms

Term is a word or a word combination of a special (scientific, technical, etc.) language, which is created, borrowed, or adopted to exactly express a definite concept specific for the science in question and names its special objects. A term is a definitional word, i.e. it is not only directly connected with a scientific definition but displays a relationship of one-to-one correspondence with it.

Terms are generally associated with a definite field of science and therefore with a series of other terms belonging to that particular field. They know no isolation; they always come in clusters, either in a text on the subject to which they belong, or in special dictionaries which, unlike general dictionaries, make a careful selection of terms. All these clusters of terms form the nomenclature, or system of names, for the objects of study of any particular field of study.

Terms are characterized by a tendency to be monosemantic and therefore easily call forth the required concept. Terms may appear in the scientific style, the newspaper style, the publicistic style, the belles-lettres style, etc. In other than scientific styles terms no longer fulfill their basic function, that of bearing an exact reference to a given notion or concept. Their function is either to indicate the technical peculiarities of the subject dealt with, or to make some references to the occupation of a character whose language would naturally contain special words and expressions. A term has a stylistic function when it is used to create an atmosphere or to characterize a person.

A linguist who is familiar with many aspects of the target language and can make a high-quality business translation fails while dealing with translation of technical and scientific literature. Technical translation is often made by a number of specialists. For example, a draft translation is made by a narrowly focused science or production specialist, and then the translation is corrected and edited by a language professional. Or vice versa – the professional translator makes the initial translation, and the technical specialist proofreads the text and verifies the terminology. In any case the customer gets the most accurate technical translation possible.

No one can translate a technical text without using technical and linguistic data resources. Any technical and scientific translator should know and use them properly. The support materials used by a technical translator can be divided into dictionaries, books on specialized subjects and references.