
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •В качестве учебного пособия
- •Введение
- •Chapter VII crimes and torts Unit 21 Crimes
- •Text a What is Crime?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b What Type of Conduct Amounts to a Crime
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Thug Behind Bars
- •Martine Moon Murdered
- •Tears and Anger as Groom Disappears
- •Text c Kinds of Cases
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Classification of Crimes
- •Vocabulary
- •What’s your Verdict?
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Law Breakers
- •Text e Crime in Modern Society
- •Vocabulary
- •The Knightsbridge Safe Deposit Robbery
- •Unit 22 The Globalization of Deceit
- •Counterfeiting
- •Imitating Property is Theft
- •Counterfeiting is on the Increase. Companies Ignore it at their Peril
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 23 Torts
- •Text a Classification of Torts
- •Text b Comparison of Crimes and Torts
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 24 Punishment
- •Vocabulary
- •Some stupid thieves
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •1) Связанный с применением наказания
- •2) Карательный, штрафной
- •Assault
- •Shop-lifting
- •In the courtroom
- •Crime & punishment
- •Text b Legal Anecdotes
- •Unit 25 Capital Punishment
- •Text a History of Capital Punishment
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Capital Punishment: For and Against
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Financial Costs
- •Inevitability of Error
- •Barbarity
- •Futility
- •Chapter VIII legal profession Unit 26
- •Professional Titles
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 27 People in Law Cases in Great Britain
- •Text a Legal Profession in England and Wales
- •Vocabulary
- •Solicitor or barrister?
- •Text b Judges in Great Britain
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 28 Lawyers in the usa
- •Text a The Job of the Lawyers
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b What Lawyers Do
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The American Legal Profession
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Judges and Justices
- •Unit 29 Lawyers in Russia
- •Text a Legal Professionals
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Judges in the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter IX legal education Unit 30 Legal Education in the uk
- •Text a Studying Law at Cambridge University (England)
- •The Law Course at Cambridge
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Text b Legal Latin
- •Legal Latin Vocabulary
- •Text c a Call to the Bar
- •Studying law in the uk
- •Studying law in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 31 Legal Education in the usa
- •Text a Lawyer’s Training.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b How to Achieve the Dream of Becoming a Lawyer
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Interview with an American Attorney.
- •Unit 32 Career in the Law Text a
- •A lawyer’s curriculum vitae
- •Text b Main Stages of a Solicitor’s and Barrister’s Career
- •Essential Vocabulary
- •Text c Career Opportunities
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter X the law in practice Unit 33 Law Firms
- •Part 1 : Text a Running a Business
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b The Cost of Legal Services.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Legal Aid and Advice
- •Discussion and Creative Writing
- •Part 2: Text a Law Firms
- •Text b Law Firm in Practice
- •Vocabulary
- •Text c Law Firm Structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks Describing a law firm
- •Practice areas
- •Text d Law Firm Kravitz &Bane
- •Partnership: Can it survive in today’s mega-firms?
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The Prudent Course Ethical and Practical Considerations in Client Selection
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Part 6 : Legal Environment of Business
- •Bays law firm about our law firm
- •Our goal
- •European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- •Counsel Banking Operations
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 34 Company Formation and Management
- •Introduction to Company Law
- •Business Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Company Formation
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 35 Business Organizations in the uk
- •Company Types in the uk
- •3 Limited liability company – llc.
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •I Company Law
- •Types of Companies: 1
- •Types of Companies: 2
- •Useful vocabulary for Exercises
- •Unit 36 Types of Business Organizations in the usa
- •To understand the difference and similarity of businesses study the Table carefully. Major Business Forms Compared
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Sole proprietorship
- •Unit 37 Types of Business Organizations in Russia
- •Text a Creation of a Legal Entity
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Commercial and Non- Commercial Legal Entities
- •Commercial Legal Entities
- •The Commercial Partnership
- •The Company Limited by Shares (The Joint- Stock Company)
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Литература
- •Contents
- •Legal English-2
Министерство финансов Российской Федерации
Всероссийская государственная налоговая академия
Legal English-2
Английский для юристов
Учебное пособие для студентов
юридических специальностей
Москва – 2007
Министерство финансов Российской Федерации
Всероссийская государственная налоговая академия
Legal English-2
Английский для юристов
Учебное пособие для студентов
юридических специальностей
Москва – 2007
Legal English-2. Английский для юристов:
Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов юридических специальностей/
Составитель: С.М. Вишнякова – М.:
ВГНА Минфина России, 2007. – с.
Рецензент: М.В. Мельничук
Данное издание представляет собой сборник текстов и упражнений для студентов юридических специальностей.
Материалы сборника позволяют овладеть правовой лексикой, изучить основные понятия юриспруденции на аутентичном материале, познакомиться с функционированием государственных и судебных структур Великобритании, США и России, развить навыки анализа текста, необходимые для юриста-профессионала.
Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
Научного и учебно-методического совета ВГНА
В качестве учебного пособия
(протокол № от )
© ВГНА Минфина России, 2007
© С.М. Вишнякова, составление, 2007
Введение
Пособие, представляющее собой аутентичные тексты и разнообразные упражнения по основным правовым и государственным системам Великобритании, США и Российской Федерации, предназначено для студентов-юристов.
Пособие построено по тематическому принципу, воссоздаёт историю и функционирование государственных и судебных структур Великобритании, США и России, освещает их современное устройство.
Юридическая лексика закрепляется в многочисленных упражнениях, имеющих целью формирование речевых навыков. Грамматические упражнения направлены на систематизацию накопленных знаний и на усвоение новых конструкций, характерных для юридических текстов.
Исходя из потребностей будущих юристов, пособие ставит своей целью научить студентов общению на профессиональные темы, проводить презентации, участвовать в диспутах и дискуссиях, читать, переводить и анализировать специальную литературу. Для решения этих задач тексты снабжены вопросами для обсуждения и темами для дискуссий.
Пособие соответствует требованиям учебных программ юридических ВУЗов и дает возможность, благодаря разнообразию текстов и заданий разного объёма и степени сложности, последовательно провести студентов по разделам специальной юридической лексики, заложить основы и сформировать навыки работы с литературой по специальности и использовать полученные знания для бесед и дискуссий на пройденные темы.
Chapter VII crimes and torts Unit 21 Crimes
Before you read
Discuss these questions.
1 What type of conduct is considered to be a crime?
2 What are possible causes of crimes? Give different opinions on the reasons for crime.
3 Is crime rate increasing all over the world? If yes, why?
Text a What is Crime?
Crime is an act which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state. There are some acts which are crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England, but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands. It is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia. In general, however, there is quite a lot of agreement among states as to which acts are criminal. A visitor to a foreign country can be sure that stealing, physically attacking someone or damaging their property will be unlawful. But the way of dealing with people suspected of crime may be different from his own country.
In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards and there are elements that must be proved. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law.
In most cases, a crime must include both a criminal act (actus reus) and a criminal intent (mens rea).
Example: No Actus Reus
Dave Deviant thinks about assaulting Veronica Victim, but does nothing about it.
No crime, not even attempted assault.
Example: No Mens Rea
Ida Innocent, through no intent, negligence, or other fault of her own, collides with Veronica Victim and kills her. No crime.
These two concepts remain important, although some statutory offences are crimes per se, with the mens rea requirement presumed or eliminated.
Arrests and searches must be based on probable cause, not mere suspicion. Criminal charges may have to meet an even higher standard. At trial, guilt must be proved beyond reasonable doubt.
Rules of evidence, designed to exclude irrelevant, unreliable, or unfairly prejudicial matters, control the version of the facts presented at trial.
It can be seen therefore that there are two fundamental elements to a crime – a physical element known as the actus reus and a mental element known as mens rea. This can clearly be seen in a diagrammatic form:
ACTUS REUS MENS REA
CONDUCT CIRCUMSTANCE CONSEQUENCE MENTAL ELEMENTS NEGLIGENCE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
INTENTION/ RECKLESSNESS SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE MENTAL
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
COMISSION OMISSION
Elements forming part of the actus reus Elements forming part of the mens rea |
B
efore
a person can be convicted of a crime it is necessary for the
prosecution to prove both elements, i.e.:
that a certain event or state of affairs which is forbidden by the criminal law has been caused by D’s* conduct; and
that D's conduct was accompanied by the necessary mens rea to establish the offence.
It is quite clear that the burden of proving these essential elements of any offence rests upon the prosecution who must prove the existence of both elements beyond reasonable doubt.
____________________
* Defendant’s