- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Text 7 the problem of durability in building
Durability is a very elusive property. If the problem is regarded critically the question may be asked: What is the degree of durability required?
The durability of any material or method of construction (if we regard walls) depends upon the conditions of exposure. External weathering with rapid alteration of temperature and moisture content results in deterioration of structure and materials which would be unaffected over very long periods if used inside. It is quite unnecessary to apply the same standards to materials to be used under cover as to those for external use. The severity of the conditions of exposure depends not only on site and aspect but also on the design of a building as a whole. The shelter afforded by projecting eaves, cornices, throatings and hood moulds-very much simplifies the problem of rain exclusion and deterioration of surface finished generally. So it is necessary to take into account the increased severity of exposure to the weather.
In selection materials the practice of experience is not enough.
Experience of previous behavior is the most unreliable guide when a material is used in a novel manner. Many disastrous failures have resulted from the supposition that. An unfamiliar combination of familiar can be used with complete freedom. The technique of scientific testing of materials is more reliable. It has accumulated definite principles on which of appraisal of durability may be made.
The durability of a walling material in service depends upon its chemical composition, pore structure and to a great extent upon its mechanical strength. Materials vary in the extent to which their pores will be filled with water.
In some materials nearly the whole of the pore space may be filled, in others the water may only occupy 70 or 80 per cent of the pore space.
In certain cases the effects of frost may be rendered more severe by the presence in a material of certain salts in solution. Chemical attack and pore structure are interrelated.
Thus, it is the technique of scientific testing that should be used when the problem of reliance is concerned in the sphere of building materials.
Vocabulary notes
elusive property –ухильна властивість
degree of durability – ступень міцності
moisture content – зміст вологи
eaves – карнизи
cornice – карниз
to simplify – спрощувати
deterioration – погіршення
previous – попередній
behavior – поведінка
10) to a great extent – значною мірою
11) appraisal –оцінка
12) hood mould – частина каналізаційного люка
13) throating – жолобок
Exercises
1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
потрібна міцність; залежати від умов; швидка зміна температури; для зовнішнього застосування; проект будівлі; у цілому; братии до уваги; вибір матеріалу; наукове випробування.
2) Answer the following questions:
1) What does the durability of any material depend upon?
2) What does external weathering and moisture content result in?
3) What have many failures resulted from?
4) What technique is more reliable?
5) What does the durability of a walling material depend upon?
6) How may the effects of frost be rendered?
7) What technique should be used when the problem of reliance is concerned?