- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes.
Overall dimension – загальний розмір Cross-section – поперечний переріз Reinforcement - підкріплення, арматура Precast concrete – сбірний бетон Hollow-core – порожній стержень
Void - порожнеча
Moist - вологий
To predetermine – вирішувати наперед
Truss - ферма
Distinction – відмінність, особливість Even surface – рівна поверхня
Mould - форма
Exercises
1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Виготовлення залізобетонних елементів, високо-ефективне обладнення, трудомістка фізична праця, споріднені (зв’язані) процедури, здійснювати необхідні операції, порожня плита, відповідні заводські цеха, промислова будівля, віготовляти водночас, діставати необхідну міцність.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. How should reinforced concrete members be designed? 2. What members are preferable? 3. What operations do workmen carry out as a car moves on? 4. Where is stage-by-stage production carried out? 5. What is a distinction of a casting-bed technology? 6. What are casting beds equipped with? 7. What forms are structural members fabricated in? 8. Where is casting bed technology used? 9. When do members attain the necessary strength?
3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
Classification of Loads. According to their duration, loads are divided into dead and live. In turn, live loads may be subdivided into long-time, short-time and special loads.
Dead loads are loads which are related to the self-weight of the load-bearing and filler members of the structure, the mass and pressure of the soil, and the prestress in prestressed concrete structures.
Long-time loads include the weight of stationary equipment on floors (machines, apparatus, motors, tanks, etc.); the pressure of gases, liquids, and particulate materials in tanks; loads in storehouses, refrigerators, archives, libraries and the like; the specified part of the live load in civil buildings; long-time exposure to heat from stationary equipment; the load due to one hoist or traveling crane and the snow load for some climatic regions. The above values of crane, snow and some live loads constitute only a part of the total value; they are used when it is necessary to evaluate their long-time effect on displacement, deformation and cracking. The total values apply to short-time loads.
Short-time loads include the loads constituted by people, spare parts and materials in attendance and maintenance areas, aisles and other locations free from equipment; floor loads in residential and other civil buildings; loads arising during the manufacture, transportation and erection of structural members; loads presented by hoists and overhead cranes used in the erection and service of buildings and other structures; snow and wind loads; and climatic temperature factors.
Special loads are related to earthquake and explosion loads; loads caused by faulty equipment and sudden changes in temperature; nonuniform strain in foundations accompanied by a radical change in the soil structure (for example, strains caused by the soaking of settling soils or the thawing of permafrost soils); and so on.
Basic Loads. These are established by relevant standards according to a predetermined probability of exceeding average values or are set up according to rated values. For dead loads, the basic values are deduced from the design geometrical and structural variables and average densities. For live erection and service loads, they are deduced from the maximum safe values ensuring normal service; for snow and wind loads, they are deduced from the worst values averaged over a year or some other repetition period.
Load Combinations. Any structure should be designed for different load combinations or, in the case of plastic design, for the respective forces. According to the loads involved, there are basic load combinations consisting of dead, long-time and short-time live loads or the appropriate forces, and special combinations which are composed of dead, long-time, likely short-time and one of special live loads or the respective forces.