- •Рефератний переклад
- •Анотаційний переклад
- •Text 1 civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents of the following word – combinations:
- •2. Combine the word “domestic” with the proper English word to form the equivalents of the following Ukrainian word – combinations:
- •3. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
- •Text 2 urbanization and ecology
- •1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •2. Discuss the problem described in the text.
- •Exercises
- •2. Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •Text 4 residential and industrial buildings
- •Exercises
- •2. State which of the sentences describe residential buildings and which of them describe industrial buildings.
- •3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).
- •4. Choose the correct form of the predicate for each sentence.
- •Exercises
- •2. Put the following sentences into groups according to three topics (a, b, c).
- •3. State which of the given sentences denote the description of the cement and which of them denote concrete.
- •4. Choose the correct answers.
- •Text 7 the problem of durability in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the following questions:
- •Text 8 footings and foundations
- •Exercises
- •Text 9 walls
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 10 wall units
- •Exercises
- •Text 11 partitions
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following word – combinations, given below:
- •3) Answer the questions:
- •4) Translate into English:
- •Text 12 some problems of the design of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 13 the ultimate-load method of design
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 14 the design of residential areas
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •Text 15 basic concepts in the analysis of structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Exercises
- •1) Find the English equivalents to the following word combinations and phrases;
- •2) Answer the questions:
- •3) Translate into English:
- •Text 16
- •Integrated Building System
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 18 Concrete for Reinforced Concrete Structures
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •Exercises
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •Text 19 Reinforced Concrete Members.
- •Vocabulary notes.
- •1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Try to reproduce all the words and expressions from the text connected with the civil engineering. Text 20 Classification of Loads. Basic and Design Loads
- •In turn, basic load combinations are subdivided into two groups.
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Text 21 approaches to testing the deformability of cement repair materials.
- •Vocabulary notes :
- •Exercises:
- •Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
- •Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Vocabulary notes:
- •Exercises:
- •Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations and phrases:
- •Pick up the word-combinations, suitable to the following definitions:
- •Answer the questions:
Vocabulary notes :
durability – витривалість
coexistence – співіснування
safety – безпека
comprehensive knowledge – всебічні знання
to cause – стати причиною
relatively humidity – відносна вологість
cost – expensive way – матеріально вигідний шлях
behavior – поведінка
a composite system – складна система
sensitivity to cracking – чуттєвість до тріщин
performance – експлуатаційні якості
to evaluate – оцінювати
deterioration – погіршення
to resist cracking – протистояти щілинам
to depend on – залежати
Exercises:
Find English equivalents to the following word – combinations and phrases:
бетонна структура
з’єднати рядом
привести до тріщин та ломання
вствавати, з’являтись
тисячайття
урбанізованний світ
покращити витривалість
подходячі матеріали для ремонту
теперішниій стан
властивості матеріалів
навколишнє середовище
Find the words that are suitable to the definitions:
The property of the materials to serve for a long time.
When the material is ready to bream.
1000 years
The way of spending money economically.
Knowledge about everything.
Answer the questions:
What does durability of a repaired structure depend on?
What does the most serious deterioration processes caused by?
What does material manufactures tend to use?
What problems faced us at the beginning of the New Millenium?
How can the long term performance of repaired concrete structures be achieved?
What’s the reason for having difficulties with selecting cementing repair materials?
Translate into English:
Безпека та витривалість ремонтних структур не можуть реалізуватись без всебічних знань властивостей матеріалів, що визначають їх деформаційні характеристики та здатність бути стійкими до тріщин.
Виробники матеріалів намагаються використовувати різні тести та стандарти для оцінювання експлуатаційних якостей продуктів.
Серед головних проблем, що встали перед нами в третьому тисячолітті це великі інфрактурні потреби швидкої урбанізації світу, погіршення бетоних структур, необхідність ремонтувати недостатню кількість бетонних структурЮ першочасна невдача при ремонтуванні та необхідність покращити витривалість ремонту матеріально – вигідним шляхом.
На жаль, теперішній стан бетону та інших цементних складових в тому, що вони потребують нашої допомоги, щоб поміняти об’єм, тріщини, поведінку, особливо коли стипаються із суворим навколишнім середовещем.
Складності з підбором цементних ремонтних матеріалів з’явились не тільки через недостатню кількість експлуатаційних критеріїв, але й черезнедолік надійних стандартів для тестування властивостей матеріалів, що сприяють їх деформації – чуттєвість до тріщин.
Text 22
Effect of Cracking.
Deterioration of repaired concrete structures is the result of a variety of physicochemical processes, such as corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel, effects of freezing and thawing, alkali - aggregate reaction, etc. The most serious deterioration processes that lead to repair failures are caused by cracking of the repair. Restrained contraction of repair materials', the restrained being provided through bond to the existing concrete substrate, is a major factor leading to cracking and failure of the repair phase. In simple terms, the repair material cracks when the tensile strain exceeds the tensile strain capacity. While development of tensile cracks may be favourable from the point of view of stress distribution in the texture of concrete, the situation becomes very different when judged from the point of view of the permeability of concrete - its capacity to retard penetration of aggressive elements into the concrete.
The idea that corrosion causes cracking is a classic case of misunderstanding the cause and effect relationship. Cracks facilitate the transport of aggressive ions and gasses into the concrete cover to the embedded steel. Cracking initiates and promotes corrosion, especially in severe environments, and corrosion, in turn, causes enlargement of cracks.
Increased cracking aggravates one or a number of other mechanisms
of deterioration. For example, in repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in a wet environment, water will enter the cracks during the thawing portion of the cycle only to freeze again resulting in progressive deterioration with each cycle.
In many cases, several of the factors that cause tensile stresses beyond the
resistance capability of a particular material operate simultaneously or sequentially, and thus make cracking worse than it would have been had only one factor operating. These are situations that open the way for chemicals to penetrate and react both surfaces of these cracks and produce further cracking. The permeability of concrete repair materials has very little to do with laboratory test data, or with results of in -- service permeability tests performed between cracks. The permeability of real repair is governed by the amount of cracking in it.
